Module 1 Part 1

Question 1

How do simple sugars lead to metabolic dysregulation?

Answer 1

Excessive simple sugar intake leads to increase palmitate FA synthesis, which incudes unfolded protein response and ER induced apoptosis to control protein misfolding (and decreased protein production)

Question 2

Nutrient definition

Answer 2

functional components needed by an organism for assembly of structural components, provision of energy and optimal function of biochemical machinery

Question 3

Micronutrients
Trace Nutrients

Answer 3

Ca, Mg, Na, K
Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se

Question 4

Vitamins

Answer 4

organic substances that are essential for normal function
water soluble: B, C, choline (not a vitamin)
fat soluble: A, D, K and E

Question 5

Elemental composition of life

Answer 5

HIghly abundant: C, H, N, O, P
Micronutrients: Ca, Cl, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Mg, K, Na, S, Se, Zn
Trace: B, Br, Cr, Mb, Si, Tn

Question 6

requirements of life

Answer 6

light or high energy inorganic molecules from deep sea vents
raw materials like: carbon source, nitrogen source (AA and nucleic acids), water, oxygen, salts

Question 7

metabolism definition

Answer 7

collection of controlled chemical reactions that occur within a cell using nutrients as substrates to store or generate chemical energy or other metabolites to serve as building blocks for life

the sum of anabolism and catabolism

Question 8

life definition

Answer 8

use of metabolism for construction and development of structure for propagation of genetic material

Question 9

nutrients are bioactive how?

Answer 9

components of cellular structures
substrates for energy production
regulators of cellular activity

Question 10

Lactose example of nutrient-gene interaction

Answer 10

When lactose is present, genes involved in lactose metabolism are induced because lactose binds the repressor that is produced

when lactose is absent genes are repressed via the operon in e coli

the repressor is always produced - whether it is bound depends

Question 11

enzyme that breaks down lactose in e coli and gene name

Answer 11

beta-galactosidase or LacZ
converts lactose into glucose and galactose

Question 12

maltose and sucrose are

Answer 12

maltose = 2x glucose alpha linkage
sucrose = glucose + fructose in alpha linkage

Question 13

lac permease

Answer 13

LacY
base level of activity allows for the start of lactose/lactase cascade
presence of lactose increases lac permease expression/presence

Question 14

SREBP (transcription factor) nutrient gene interaction example

Answer 14

cholesterol status (excess/deficiency) effects SREBP gene activity

SREBPs activate HMG-coA reductase which is rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis
- so when there is excess cholesterol, SREBP responsive genes are repressed

cholesterol deficiency induces SREBP responsive genes to increase cholesterol synthesis

Question 15

types of nutrient gene interaction

Answer 15

direct nutrient-gene interaction via signaling pathway
indirect effect on gene responsiveness
indirect effect on rate of transcription (TF)
indirect effect on mRNA splicing or protein modification

Question 16

Methylation of DNA nutrients involved

Answer 16

folic acid, vitamin B12 and methionine

Question 17

example of protein production involving a nutrien

Answer 17

iron require to form functional hemoglobin

Question 18

examples of nutrients that bind to surface receptors and affect gene expression

Answer 18

fatty acids and amino acids

Question 19

examples of nutrients that interact with TF

Answer 19

fat soluble vitamins, trace elements, phytochemicals and sterols

Question 20

importance of acetyl coA in FA synthesis

Answer 20

required to be converted to malonyl coA by ACC
irreversible/rate limiting step of FA synthesis
glucagon/epinephrine inhibit ACC activation and insulin the opposite

Question 21

how does fructose’s metabolic fate differ from glucose?

Answer 21

fructose is more readily converted to fat because its metabolism skips PFK-1 rate limiting step (harder to regulate) by forming glyceraldehyde via a different pathway

Question 22

Categories of nutrient gene interactions

Answer 22

Signal transduction from cell surface receptor
ex. AA and fatty acids

Nutrient transport into cell + nuclear receptors
ex. fat soluble vitamins, trace minerals, fatty acids, phytochemicals and sterols

Nutrients affecting DNA methylation
ex. folic acid, B12 and methionine

Nutrients affecting protein translation and completion of cellular products