Module 1 Part 1 Flashcards
How do simple sugars lead to metabolic dysregulation?
Excessive simple sugar intake leads to increase palmitate FA synthesis, which incudes unfolded protein response and ER induced apoptosis to control protein misfolding (and decreased protein production)
Nutrient definition
functional components needed by an organism for assembly of structural components, provision of energy and optimal function of biochemical machinery
Micronutrients
Trace Nutrients
Ca, Mg, Na, K
Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Se
Vitamins
organic substances that are essential for normal function
water soluble: B, C, choline (not a vitamin)
fat soluble: A, D, K and E
Elemental composition of life
HIghly abundant: C, H, N, O, P
Micronutrients: Ca, Cl, Co, Cu, I, Fe, Mn, Mg, K, Na, S, Se, Zn
Trace: B, Br, Cr, Mb, Si, Tn
requirements of life
light or high energy inorganic molecules from deep sea vents
raw materials like: carbon source, nitrogen source (AA and nucleic acids), water, oxygen, salts
metabolism definition
collection of controlled chemical reactions that occur within a cell using nutrients as substrates to store or generate chemical energy or other metabolites to serve as building blocks for life
the sum of anabolism and catabolism
life definition
use of metabolism for construction and development of structure for propagation of genetic material
nutrients are bioactive how?
components of cellular structures
substrates for energy production
regulators of cellular activity
Lactose example of nutrient-gene interaction
When lactose is present, genes involved in lactose metabolism are induced because lactose binds the repressor that is produced
when lactose is absent genes are repressed via the operon in e coli
the repressor is always produced - whether it is bound depends
enzyme that breaks down lactose in e coli and gene name
beta-galactosidase or LacZ
converts lactose into glucose and galactose
maltose and sucrose are
maltose = 2x glucose alpha linkage
sucrose = glucose + fructose in alpha linkage
lac permease
LacY
base level of activity allows for the start of lactose/lactase cascade
presence of lactose increases lac permease expression/presence
SREBP (transcription factor) nutrient gene interaction example
cholesterol status (excess/deficiency) effects SREBP gene activity
SREBPs activate HMG-coA reductase which is rate limiting step of cholesterol synthesis
- so when there is excess cholesterol, SREBP responsive genes are repressed
cholesterol deficiency induces SREBP responsive genes to increase cholesterol synthesis
types of nutrient gene interaction
direct nutrient-gene interaction via signaling pathway
indirect effect on gene responsiveness
indirect effect on rate of transcription (TF)
indirect effect on mRNA splicing or protein modification
Methylation of DNA nutrients involved
folic acid, vitamin B12 and methionine
example of protein production involving a nutrien
iron require to form functional hemoglobin
examples of nutrients that bind to surface receptors and affect gene expression
fatty acids and amino acids
examples of nutrients that interact with TF
fat soluble vitamins, trace elements, phytochemicals and sterols
importance of acetyl coA in FA synthesis
required to be converted to malonyl coA by ACC
irreversible/rate limiting step of FA synthesis
glucagon/epinephrine inhibit ACC activation and insulin the opposite
how does fructose’s metabolic fate differ from glucose?
fructose is more readily converted to fat because its metabolism skips PFK-1 rate limiting step (harder to regulate) by forming glyceraldehyde via a different pathway
Categories of nutrient gene interactions
Signal transduction from cell surface receptor
ex. AA and fatty acids
Nutrient transport into cell + nuclear receptors
ex. fat soluble vitamins, trace minerals, fatty acids, phytochemicals and sterols
Nutrients affecting DNA methylation
ex. folic acid, B12 and methionine
Nutrients affecting protein translation and completion of cellular products
