Module 1 Factors Affecting Human Health

Question 1

Factors affecting energy in and energy out

Answer 1

Energy in: large portion sizes, high energy to low nutrient diversity ratios, palatable and low-cost available foods

Energy out: decreased physical activity, decreased daily activity, increased sedentary behavior

Question 2

Incretins work how?

Examples and effects

Answer 2

Incretins are hormones that decrease appetite and thus lead to lowered blood glucose concentrations

GLP-1 (glucagon-like peptide): decreases food intake, glucagon secretions, and gastric emptying, and increases nausea and insulin secretion

GIP (gastric inhibitory peptide): decreases food intake and nausea and increases insulin/glucagon secretions lipogenesis and lipid buffering capacity

Question 3

Ozempic is

Mounjaro is

Answer 3

Ozempic: semaglutide is a GLP-1 receptor agonist

Mounjaro: tirzepatide is a dual GLP-1/GIP receptor agonist

Question 4

Extrinsic factors affecting human health

Intrinsic factors affecting human health

Answer 4

food, xenobiotics, environment

Sex, age, gene variations, host-microbiota interaction

Question 5

How does the host-microbiota relationship affect health?

Ex. of microbiota transplant

Answer 5

Works together to modulate gene expression, biological processes, nutrient and energy metabolism

Gut microbiota can increase risk of metabolic disease by converting non-nutrients into useable nutrients for the host

Ex. microbiota from obese twin into mouse caused obesity in mouse (despite high fiber, low fat diet) and no change in thin microbiota mouse

Question 6

TMAO what is it?

Answer 6

Phosphatidylcholine, choline and carnitine can be metabolized by microbiota to produce TMA (trimethylamines)

TMA circulates to the liver where FMO (flavin monooxygenases) enzymes convert TMA to trimethylamine oxide (TMAO)

TMAO leads to atherosclerosis, altered bile and cholesterol transport and platelet hyperactivity (excess clotting) increasing risk of CVD