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BMA SEMSTER ONE > Module 1 - Introduction to the human body > Flashcards

Module 1 - Introduction to the human body Flashcards

1
Q

List the levels of human structure from simple to most complex

A 
Atoms 
Molecules 
Macromolecules 
Organelles 
Cell 
Tissue 
Organ 
Organ System 
Organism
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2
Q

what are atoms and what do they form

A

the building blocks of matter,

combine to form molecules

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3
Q

what do molecules form

A

combine molecules form macromolecules (polymers of chain like molecules made up of smaller or repeating units )

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4
Q

what do molecules and macromolecules form

A

bind together to form cell components eg. organelles

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5
Q

what do organelles form

A

bind together to form cells

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6
Q

define chemical reactions

A

occur when there is a collision between atoms or molecules. The more frequent and forceful they collide, more likely a chemical reaction is to occur

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7
Q

explain synthesis reaction

A

simple to complex reaction eg. amino acids to protein molecules

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8
Q

explain decomposition reaction

A

complex to simple reaction (chemical bonds are broken) eg. glycogen to glucose molecules

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9
Q

explain an exchange reaction

A

chemical bonds are both made and broken

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10
Q

explain what an enzyme is and what it does

A

enzyme = protein molecule known as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions

It binds with the substrate (the two molecules that have collided) and changes shape to facilitate a collision to allow bond to form, allowing product to be released and enzyme resumes original shape

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11
Q

cations (including examples)

A

positive eg H+ Na+

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12
Q

anions (including examples)

A

negative eg CI-

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13
Q

explain electrolytes

A

are ions (atoms or molecules) in a solution e.g. water

They are essential for all body functions and are present in all fluids and can conduct electricity in water

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14
Q

electrolyte examples

A
  • Sodium ions Na+ major cation in ECF, essential for water balance and cell function
  • Potassium ions K+ major cation in ICF essential for water balance and cell function
  • Calcium ions Ca2+ blood clotting, nerve and muscle function
  • Bicarbonate ions Hco3- acid base balance
  • Chloride ions CI- major anion in ECF, acid base balance and digestion
  • Hydrogen ions H+ acid base balance, digestion, respiration
  • Phosphate ions HPO4- water balance and bone formation
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15
Q

explain pH scale

A

used to measure H+ ions in a solution range of 0-14

  • the lower the number = more acidic = lots of hydrogen ions
  • below 7 = acidic (more H+ ions than bases)
  • above 7 = basic/alkaline (contains more base ions)
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16
Q

what are salts (context to pH)

A

ions other than pH

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17
Q

what are acids (context to pH)

A
  • higher H+ ions in solution based on concentration
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18
Q

what are bases (context to pH)

A
  • ions that can bind H+ ions

- eg HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)

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19
Q

what is an organic chemical

A

chemicals containing both carbon and hydrogen

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20
Q

what is an inorganic chemical

A

all other body chemicals that do not contain carbon and hydrogen e.g. h20

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21
Q

what are the four classes of organic chemicals/macromolecules

A
  1. carbohydrates
  2. lipids
  3. proteins
  4. nucleic acids
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22
Q

explain carbohydrates (organic macromolecule)

A

major function is to provide energy for all cellular function, including sugars and starches
types of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharide - simple sugars, glucose, fructose e.g. fruits
Disccharides - dimers, sucrose, lactose eg fruit
Polysaccharides - polymers, storage products, glycogen e.g. veg and grains

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23
Q

explain lipids (organic macromolecules)

A

three different types - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids

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24
Q

explain lipids (function,composition and what type of fat) - triglycerides (organic macromolecules)

A
  • neutral fat occur (fat or oil)
  • two types of building blocks 3:1 ratio with 3 fatty acid chains and 1 glycerol
  • doesn’t interact w/ water
  • function: long term energy storage and thermal insulation
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25
Q

explain lipids phospholipids (organic macromolecules) (what is it)

A
  • a modified triglycerides
  • ampeiathetic molecules (one end likes water, the other doesn’t)
  • hydrophobic fatty acid tail (doesn’t like water)
  • hydrophilic end loves water
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26
Q

explain lipids steroids (organic macromolecule) (function,, what it is formed from)

A
  • flat molecule of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings
  • formed from cholesterol
  • function: sex hormones eg. oestrogeen, progesterone, testosterone
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27
Q

explain lipids - other lipids role (organic macromolecule)

A

role in blood clotting, pain sensitisation, inflammation and uterine contractions in labor

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28
Q

explain proteins (organic macromolecule) (what does it contain and the two structural classifications)

A
  • contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
  • two structural classifications: fibrous, globular
  • fibrous: strand like
  • globular: compact and spherical. Crucial role in all biological processes and is a catalyst for transportation substances within blood
  • made up of amino acids
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29
Q

what happens if proteins change shape (organic macromolecule)

A
  • alter/destroy protein as the enzyme can not catalyse the reaction as there is no active site
  • can denatured by changing pH or increase in temperature
  • signifiant denaturation causes permanent protein loss, cell malfunction, disease and death
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30
Q

explain nucleic acids (organic macromolecule)

what is it made from, what are two classes

A
  • largest and complex molecules in the body
  • two classes either DNA, RNA
  • made from hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,phosphorus
  • built from nucleotides
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31
Q

what is DNA

A
  • constitutes genetic makeup
  • role: self replication , instructions for building proteins
  • four bases make it up
  • class of nucleotide
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32
Q

what is RNA

A
  • builds protein and carries out protein synthesis

- class of nucleotide

33
Q

what are the body systems used in support and movement

A
  • integumentary, muscular,skeletal
34
Q

what are the body systems used in control and regulation

A
  • nervous, endocrine
35
Q

what are the body systems used in fluids, transport and defence

A
  • cardiovascular, lymphatic
36
Q

what are the body systems used in environmental exchange

A
  • respiratory, digestive, urinary
37
Q

what are the body systems used in continuity of life

A
  • reproductive
38
Q

Function of integumentary system

A

nails, skin and hair: protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesises vitamin D, hold pain receptors and sweat glands

39
Q

Function of the muscular system

A
  • allows manipulation of environment, locomotion and facial expression
40
Q

Function of skeletal system

A
  • protects and supports body organs

- provides framework for muscles

41
Q

Function of nervous system

A
  • control system of the body to respond to internal and external changes
42
Q

Function of endocrine system

A
  • glands secrete hormones that regulate processes e.g. growth
43
Q

Function of cardiovascular system

A
  • blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and water around body
44
Q

Function of lymphatic system

A
  • picks up fluid from blood vessels and returns to blood and involves WBC to create immunity
45
Q

Function of respiratory system

A
  • keeps blood constantly supplied w/ oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
46
Q

Function of digestive system

A
  • breaks down food into absorbable units to enter blood for distribution to cells
47
Q

Function of urinary system

A
  • eliminate nitrogenous wastes from body and regulate water, electrolytes and acid base balance of blood
48
Q

Function of reproductive system

A
  • the production of offspring
49
Q

define functional integration

A

body systems working together to perform at optimal function

50
Q

define internal environment

A

cells suspended in fluid contained by barriers e.g. skin that surrounds body cells

51
Q

define extracellular fluid

A

found outside of cells including interstitial within tissues and between cells, plasma in blood vessels

52
Q

define interstitial fluid

A

fluid inside of cells

53
Q

define homeostasis

A

a dynamic stable state = internal environment vary within a narrow range

54
Q

explain cell survival in homeostasis

A

various factors within internal environment are kept within narrow range with defined limits essential for life which is essential for the survival and function of the cell

55
Q

factors of cell survival in homeostasis

A

gases , nutrients, water volume, pressure, electrolyte concentrations, acid base balance, temperature, waste products

56
Q

homeostatic control mechanism

A
  1. stimulus produces change in variable
  2. receptor detects change
  3. input : info sent along afferent pathway to control centre
  4. output: info sent along efferent pathway to affecter
  5. response: of effector feeds back to reduce effect of stimulus returning variable to homeostatic level

(main three: stimulus, receptor/ control centre, effector

57
Q

what is a feedback mechanism in homeostasis

A

a control mechanism to maintain balance in the internal environment (ECF)
in the feedback system the response alters the initial stimulus which then alters the response

58
Q

explain the negative feed back system involved in homeostasis

A
  • the response reduces the stimulus bringing it back to homeostatic range, response then turns off as no longer needed
  • response lowers stimulus which lowers the response
59
Q

explain the positive feedback system involved in homeostasis

A
  • the response enhances the stimulus, keeping it outside of normal range
  • response does not turn off
  • only two examples in healthy body: blood clotting and uterine contractions
  • response INCREASES stimulus, the response continues/ enhanced
  • accelerates a process to completion
60
Q

why are there two types of feedback of negative/positive feedback systems

A

negative - provides stability and long term control over internal conditions maintaining the narrow
positive - remains outside of normal range to complete process quickly

61
Q

what are the two communication systems in the body

A

nervous

endocrine

62
Q

nervous sytem

A

central nervous system is the control centre

where peripheral nerves carries the messages

63
Q

explain peripheral nerve

A

bundle of many nerve cell fibres e.g..

static nerve- emerges from spinal cord and brain includes afferent and efferent fibres

64
Q

afferent nerve cell

A

transmit electrical signals from receptors to CNS

65
Q

efferent nerve cell

A

fibres target effector organs

66
Q

endocrine system

A

controls responses that require duration through action of chemical messengers called hormones
- hormones released from cells to endocrine glands directly to bloodstream any cell w/ appropriate receptors respond to hormone

e.g. growth, metabolic rate, stress response

67
Q

similarities of nerves vs hormones as communication system

A
  • both are means of cellular respiration
  • both facilitate stimulus response mechanisms
  • regulate and control body systems
68
Q

differences of nerves vs hormones as communication system

A
  • nature of message (electric vs chemical)
  • speed and duration (rapid and short term v slower and long term)
  • range of targets (specific v widespread)
69
Q

explain blood composition

A

blood: a fluid connective tissue composed of
plasma - 90% water and proteins
formed elements - erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets

70
Q

define haematocratic

A

percentage of blood volume that is RBC

71
Q

what are erythrocytes

A
  • red blood cells
  • no organelles with life span of 120 days
  • filled w/ haemoglobin for gas transport
  • flexible
  • biconcave shape with stickability which facilitates gas transport

(structure allows function)

72
Q

what is haemoglobin Hb

A
  • large protein binding oxygen molecules
  • chemical properties of Hb facilitate effective gas transport
  • binds oxygen levels in lungs when levels ar high
  • releases oxygen in tissues when levels low
  • binds co2 in tissue when levels are high
  • releases co2 in ling when co2 levels are low
73
Q

what happens when there are too few RBC

A

tissue hypoxia (insufficient oxygen)

74
Q

what happens when there are too many RBC

A

increases blood viscosity and pressure

75
Q

explain leukocytes WBC

A
  • the only complete cells in blood
  • primary function is defence
  • two different formed elements: granulocytes, agranulocytes
76
Q

why is the distribution of blood cells important

A

essential for distribution of oxygen and nutrients to cells, metabolic waste to kidneys, and lungs for elimination

77
Q

blood roles in regulation

A

maintains composition of interstitial fluid body temperature by absorbing and distributing
- regulates pH using chemical buffers 7.35-7.45

78
Q

blood role in protection

A

infection control: WBC defend against invaders, lymphocytes produce antibodies
prevents blood loss: platelets and plasma mediate clot formation to prevent blood loss

79
Q

function of blood in relation to homeostasis

A

activities of blood are essential in maintaining conditions that proteins and cells are happy to maintain conditions of internal environment and homeostatic limits so cell can function properly

BMA SEMSTER ONE (11 decks)

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