Module 1 - Introduction to the human body Flashcards
1
Q
List the levels of human structure from simple to most complex
A
Atoms Molecules Macromolecules Organelles Cell Tissue Organ Organ System Organism
2
Q
what are atoms and what do they form
A
the building blocks of matter,
combine to form molecules
3
Q
what do molecules form
A
combine molecules form macromolecules (polymers of chain like molecules made up of smaller or repeating units )
4
Q
what do molecules and macromolecules form
A
bind together to form cell components eg. organelles
5
Q
what do organelles form
A
bind together to form cells
6
Q
define chemical reactions
A
occur when there is a collision between atoms or molecules. The more frequent and forceful they collide, more likely a chemical reaction is to occur
7
Q
explain synthesis reaction
A
simple to complex reaction eg. amino acids to protein molecules
8
Q
explain decomposition reaction
A
complex to simple reaction (chemical bonds are broken) eg. glycogen to glucose molecules
9
Q
explain an exchange reaction
A
chemical bonds are both made and broken
10
Q
explain what an enzyme is and what it does
A
enzyme = protein molecule known as a catalyst to speed up chemical reactions
It binds with the substrate (the two molecules that have collided) and changes shape to facilitate a collision to allow bond to form, allowing product to be released and enzyme resumes original shape
11
Q
cations (including examples)
A
positive eg H+ Na+
12
Q
anions (including examples)
A
negative eg CI-
13
Q
explain electrolytes
A
are ions (atoms or molecules) in a solution e.g. water
They are essential for all body functions and are present in all fluids and can conduct electricity in water
14
Q
electrolyte examples
A
- Sodium ions Na+ major cation in ECF, essential for water balance and cell function
- Potassium ions K+ major cation in ICF essential for water balance and cell function
- Calcium ions Ca2+ blood clotting, nerve and muscle function
- Bicarbonate ions Hco3- acid base balance
- Chloride ions CI- major anion in ECF, acid base balance and digestion
- Hydrogen ions H+ acid base balance, digestion, respiration
- Phosphate ions HPO4- water balance and bone formation
15
Q
explain pH scale
A
used to measure H+ ions in a solution range of 0-14
- the lower the number = more acidic = lots of hydrogen ions
- below 7 = acidic (more H+ ions than bases)
- above 7 = basic/alkaline (contains more base ions)
16
Q
what are salts (context to pH)
A
ions other than pH
17
Q
what are acids (context to pH)
A
- higher H+ ions in solution based on concentration
18
Q
what are bases (context to pH)
A
- ions that can bind H+ ions
- eg HCO3- (bicarbonate ions)
19
Q
what is an organic chemical
A
chemicals containing both carbon and hydrogen
20
Q
what is an inorganic chemical
A
all other body chemicals that do not contain carbon and hydrogen e.g. h20
21
Q
what are the four classes of organic chemicals/macromolecules
A
- carbohydrates
- lipids
- proteins
- nucleic acids
22
Q
explain carbohydrates (organic macromolecule)
A
major function is to provide energy for all cellular function, including sugars and starches
types of carbohydrates:
Monosaccharide - simple sugars, glucose, fructose e.g. fruits
Disccharides - dimers, sucrose, lactose eg fruit
Polysaccharides - polymers, storage products, glycogen e.g. veg and grains
23
Q
explain lipids (organic macromolecules)
A
three different types - triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids
24
Q
explain lipids (function,composition and what type of fat) - triglycerides (organic macromolecules)
A
- neutral fat occur (fat or oil)
- two types of building blocks 3:1 ratio with 3 fatty acid chains and 1 glycerol
- doesn’t interact w/ water
- function: long term energy storage and thermal insulation
25
explain lipids phospholipids (organic macromolecules) (what is it)
- a modified triglycerides
- ampeiathetic molecules (one end likes water, the other doesn't)
- hydrophobic fatty acid tail (doesn't like water)
- hydrophilic end loves water
26
explain lipids steroids (organic macromolecule) (function,, what it is formed from)
- flat molecule of 4 interlocking hydrocarbon rings
- formed from cholesterol
- function: sex hormones eg. oestrogeen, progesterone, testosterone
27
explain lipids - other lipids role (organic macromolecule)
role in blood clotting, pain sensitisation, inflammation and uterine contractions in labor
28
explain proteins (organic macromolecule) (what does it contain and the two structural classifications)
- contains carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
- two structural classifications: fibrous, globular
- fibrous: strand like
- globular: compact and spherical. Crucial role in all biological processes and is a catalyst for transportation substances within blood
- made up of amino acids
29
what happens if proteins change shape (organic macromolecule)
- alter/destroy protein as the enzyme can not catalyse the reaction as there is no active site
- can denatured by changing pH or increase in temperature
- signifiant denaturation causes permanent protein loss, cell malfunction, disease and death
30
explain nucleic acids (organic macromolecule)
| what is it made from, what are two classes
- largest and complex molecules in the body
- two classes either DNA, RNA
- made from hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen,phosphorus
- built from nucleotides
31
what is DNA
- constitutes genetic makeup
- role: self replication , instructions for building proteins
- four bases make it up
- class of nucleotide
32
what is RNA
- builds protein and carries out protein synthesis
| - class of nucleotide
33
what are the body systems used in support and movement
- integumentary, muscular,skeletal
34
what are the body systems used in control and regulation
- nervous, endocrine
35
what are the body systems used in fluids, transport and defence
- cardiovascular, lymphatic
36
what are the body systems used in environmental exchange
- respiratory, digestive, urinary
37
what are the body systems used in continuity of life
- reproductive
38
Function of integumentary system
nails, skin and hair: protects deeper tissue from injury, synthesises vitamin D, hold pain receptors and sweat glands
39
Function of the muscular system
- allows manipulation of environment, locomotion and facial expression
40
Function of skeletal system
- protects and supports body organs
| - provides framework for muscles
41
Function of nervous system
- control system of the body to respond to internal and external changes
42
Function of endocrine system
- glands secrete hormones that regulate processes e.g. growth
43
Function of cardiovascular system
- blood vessels transport blood which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients and water around body
44
Function of lymphatic system
- picks up fluid from blood vessels and returns to blood and involves WBC to create immunity
45
Function of respiratory system
- keeps blood constantly supplied w/ oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
46
Function of digestive system
- breaks down food into absorbable units to enter blood for distribution to cells
47
Function of urinary system
- eliminate nitrogenous wastes from body and regulate water, electrolytes and acid base balance of blood
48
Function of reproductive system
- the production of offspring
49
define functional integration
body systems working together to perform at optimal function
50
define internal environment
cells suspended in fluid contained by barriers e.g. skin that surrounds body cells
51
define extracellular fluid
found outside of cells including interstitial within tissues and between cells, plasma in blood vessels
52
define interstitial fluid
fluid inside of cells
53
define homeostasis
a dynamic stable state = internal environment vary within a narrow range
54
explain cell survival in homeostasis
various factors within internal environment are kept within narrow range with defined limits essential for life which is essential for the survival and function of the cell
55
factors of cell survival in homeostasis
gases , nutrients, water volume, pressure, electrolyte concentrations, acid base balance, temperature, waste products
56
homeostatic control mechanism
1. stimulus produces change in variable
2. receptor detects change
3. input : info sent along afferent pathway to control centre
4. output: info sent along efferent pathway to affecter
5. response: of effector feeds back to reduce effect of stimulus returning variable to homeostatic level
(main three: stimulus, receptor/ control centre, effector
57
what is a feedback mechanism in homeostasis
a control mechanism to maintain balance in the internal environment (ECF)
in the feedback system the response alters the initial stimulus which then alters the response
58
explain the negative feed back system involved in homeostasis
- the response reduces the stimulus bringing it back to homeostatic range, response then turns off as no longer needed
- response lowers stimulus which lowers the response
59
explain the positive feedback system involved in homeostasis
- the response enhances the stimulus, keeping it outside of normal range
- response does not turn off
- only two examples in healthy body: blood clotting and uterine contractions
- response INCREASES stimulus, the response continues/ enhanced
- accelerates a process to completion
60
why are there two types of feedback of negative/positive feedback systems
negative - provides stability and long term control over internal conditions maintaining the narrow
positive - remains outside of normal range to complete process quickly
61
what are the two communication systems in the body
nervous
| endocrine
62
nervous sytem
central nervous system is the control centre
| where peripheral nerves carries the messages
63
explain peripheral nerve
bundle of many nerve cell fibres e.g..
| static nerve- emerges from spinal cord and brain includes afferent and efferent fibres
64
afferent nerve cell
transmit electrical signals from receptors to CNS
65
efferent nerve cell
fibres target effector organs
66
endocrine system
controls responses that require duration through action of chemical messengers called hormones
- hormones released from cells to endocrine glands directly to bloodstream any cell w/ appropriate receptors respond to hormone
e.g. growth, metabolic rate, stress response
67
similarities of nerves vs hormones as communication system
- both are means of cellular respiration
- both facilitate stimulus response mechanisms
- regulate and control body systems
68
differences of nerves vs hormones as communication system
- nature of message (electric vs chemical)
- speed and duration (rapid and short term v slower and long term)
- range of targets (specific v widespread)
69
explain blood composition
blood: a fluid connective tissue composed of
plasma - 90% water and proteins
formed elements - erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets
70
define haematocratic
percentage of blood volume that is RBC
71
what are erythrocytes
- red blood cells
- no organelles with life span of 120 days
- filled w/ haemoglobin for gas transport
- flexible
- biconcave shape with stickability which facilitates gas transport
(structure allows function)
72
what is haemoglobin Hb
- large protein binding oxygen molecules
- chemical properties of Hb facilitate effective gas transport
- binds oxygen levels in lungs when levels ar high
- releases oxygen in tissues when levels low
- binds co2 in tissue when levels are high
- releases co2 in ling when co2 levels are low
73
what happens when there are too few RBC
tissue hypoxia (insufficient oxygen)
74
what happens when there are too many RBC
increases blood viscosity and pressure
75
explain leukocytes WBC
- the only complete cells in blood
- primary function is defence
- two different formed elements: granulocytes, agranulocytes
76
why is the distribution of blood cells important
essential for distribution of oxygen and nutrients to cells, metabolic waste to kidneys, and lungs for elimination
77
blood roles in regulation
maintains composition of interstitial fluid body temperature by absorbing and distributing
- regulates pH using chemical buffers 7.35-7.45
78
blood role in protection
infection control: WBC defend against invaders, lymphocytes produce antibodies
prevents blood loss: platelets and plasma mediate clot formation to prevent blood loss
79
function of blood in relation to homeostasis
activities of blood are essential in maintaining conditions that proteins and cells are happy to maintain conditions of internal environment and homeostatic limits so cell can function properly
