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Social Motivation > Module 1: Intro to Motivation > Flashcards

Module 1: Intro to Motivation Flashcards

1
Q

what is motivation

A

any internal process that gives behaviour its energy, direction, and persistence

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2
Q

what are the three main reasons why we study motivation?

A

theoretical understanding, practical understanding, and for scientific studies

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3
Q

what two questions does motivation aim to answer?

A

what causes behaviour? why does behaviour vary in intensity

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4
Q

what is theoretical understanding when it comes to motivation?

A

general understanding of what motivation is

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5
Q

examples of questions that practical understanding can answer when it comes to motivation?

A

where does motivation come from? how can motivation be increased? how can one motivate oneself? how can one motive others?

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6
Q

what are scientific studies of motivation?

A

uses objective and empirical evidence gained from well-conducted and peer-reviewed research to answer questions

aims to describe and explain behaviour

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7
Q

what type of science is the study of motivation

A

a behavioural science

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8
Q

what type is the general type of motive that fuels motivation? define it

A

internal motives

a process that energies, directs, and sustains behaviour

is a general term to identify the common ground shared by needs, cognitions, and emotions

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9
Q

what are the 3 different types of motives

A

need, cognition, and emotion

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10
Q

what is a need?

A

conditions that are essential for the maintenance of life, and for the nuturance of growth and well-being

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11
Q

examples of needs

A

hunger, thirst, sleep, autonomy, competence, relatedness, etc.

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12
Q

what is cognition? (internal motive)

A

mental events capable of energizing and directing
behaviour

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13
Q

examples of cognition

A

beliefs, expectations, goals, plans, attributions, mindsets, self-concept, etc.

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14
Q

what is emotion? (internal motive)

A

complex, but coordinated feeling/arousal/purposive/expressive reactions to significant events in our lives

short lived/brief bursts of emergency-like adaptive behaviour

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15
Q

what are the 4 components of emotion?

A

feelings, arousal, purpose, and expression

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16
Q

what is the purpose of the 4 main components of emotion?

A

the combination of the components allow for emotions to work (meaning we can react adaptively to important life events)

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17
Q

what are feelings?

A

subjective, verbal descriptions of the emotional experience

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18
Q

what is arousal?

A

bodily motivation to cope with situational demands

19
Q

what is purpose?

A

motivational urge to accomplish something specific at that moment

20
Q

what is expression?

A

nonverbal communication of our emotional experience to others

21
Q

what are the five expressions of motivation

A

behaviour
engagement
psychophysiology
brain activation
self-report

22
Q

what are the seven behavioural expressions of motivation and emotion

A

effort, persistence, latency, choice, probability of response, facial expression, and bodily gestures

23
Q

what is effort

A

exertion put forth during a task

percentage of total capacity used

24
Q

what is persistence

A

time between when a behaviour first starts until it ends

25
Q

what is latency

A

duration of time a person waits to get started on a task upon first being given an opportunity to do so

26
Q

what is choice

A

when presented with two or more courses of action, preferring one course of action over the other

27
Q

what is probability of response

A

number (or percentage) of occasions that the person enacts a particular goal-directed response given the total number of opportunities to do so

28
Q

what does it mean if a behaviour shows high amount of expressions?

A

the internal motive is likely quite intense

29
Q

what is engagement?

A

how actively involved a person is

30
Q

what is behaviour in terms of engagement

A

refers to how involved a person is during an activity in terms of effort/persistence

on task behaviour

31
Q

what is emotion in terms of engagement

A

refers to the presence of positive emotions during task involvement and lack of negative emotions

32
Q

what is cognition in terms of engagement

A

refers to how strategically a person attempts to process information and learn

refers to if a person is employing sophisticated learnings strategies

self regulation and seeking conceptual understanding instead of surface knowledge

33
Q

what is agency in terms of engagement?

A

refers to the extent of the person’s proactive and constructive contribution into the flow of activity in terms of asking questions, expressing preferences, etc.

34
Q

what are the four factors of engagement?

A

behaviour, emotion, cognition, and agency

all interrelated

35
Q

what is psychophysiology

A

the process by which psychological states produce physiological changes

interaction between bodily and mental states

36
Q

what are the five psychophysiological expressions of motivation and emotion

A

hormonal activity, cardiovascular activity, ocular activity, electrodermal activity, and skeletal activity

37
Q

what is hormonal activity?

A

chemicals in saliva or blood

38
Q

what is cardiovascular activity

A

contraction and relaxation of the heart and blood vessels

39
Q

what is ocular activity

A

eye behaviour (pupil size, eye blinds, etc.)

40
Q

what is electrodermal activity

A

electrical changes on the surface of the skin in response to an event

41
Q

what is skeletal activity

A

activity of the musculature, as with facial expressions, or bodily gestures

42
Q

what is brain activation

A

neural activity that researchers can used brain scanning equipment to detect

rise/fall in brain activity can be used to infer about motivational state

43
Q

what is self report

A

involves asking someone to self-report their motivation levels in an interview/survey

44
Q

what are the 6 unifying themes of motivation

A

motivation and emotion benefit adaptation and functioning

motivation and emotion are dynamic

motivation needs supportive conditions to flourish

motivation and emotion are intervening variables

various types of motivations exist

we are not always aware of the motivational basis of behaviour

Social Motivation (4 decks)

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