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Pathology Post Midterm > Module 1 Heme: Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin's Lymphoma, CLL > Flashcards

Module 1 Heme: Non-Hodgkin and Hodgkin's Lymphoma, CLL Flashcards

1
Q

The next lymphoid neoplasm that will be discussed is Burkitt’s Lymphoma. Which is considered what kind of lymphoma?

A

Non-Hodgkin Lymphoma of medium B cells caused by EBV

–starts in the lymph nodes

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2
Q

What are the three types of Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A
  1. African (Endemic)
    - -100% associated with EBV
    - -Cervical lymph node (submandibular) most commonly affected
    - -doubling time =24 hours
  2. American (Sporadic)
    - -15% association with EBV
    - -mesenteric lymph node most commonly affected
  3. Immunosuppression type (AIDS and post transplant patients): 25% EBV
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3
Q

In slide 11: pic of an African boy with what?

A

Extranodal sites in the jaw and it grows very fast!

  • -doubling time is 24 hours
  • –jaw mass is painless
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4
Q

What is the translocation is Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

t(8.14): translocation between c-myc and heavy chain of Ig

–uncontrolled proliferation of b cells (hence why its a b cell lymphoma)

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5
Q

KI67 is positive in Burkitt’s Lymphoma, why?

A

Marker for super fast cell proliferation

–non specific

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6
Q

What is the presentation for Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

African: fever, weight loss, and night sweats (called B symptoms)
American: obstruction due to the location of the ilial celical valve

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7
Q

What do you see on lymph node biopsy for a patient with Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A
  1. Excisional Lymph Node Biopsy (good for all lymphomas): safe in that it wont spread
  2. Lymph Node Biopsy: shows starry sky appearance (slide 11 blue dotted cell are the cancer cells and they are in sheets of malignant B cells) (Clear spaces are macrophages engulfing necrotic debris)
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8
Q

Why is there necrotic debris seen when a lymph node biopsy is done?

A

Because the nodes are growing so fast therefore they are outgrowing their blood supply

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9
Q

Apoptotic Bodies are seen in the lymph nodes of Burkitt’s Lymphoma, why?

A

No expression of BCL2 (anti-apoptotic gene on Ch.18)

  • -so lots of apoptotic bodies
  • -highly eosinophilic
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10
Q

What is the other name for Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

Small, non cleaved lymphoma

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11
Q

What do you see on flow cytometry for patients with Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

CD 10, 19,20 (B cell markers)

-surface IgM

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12
Q

What tumor marker is used for response to treatment in Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

LDH (response to treatment because its a tumor maker)

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13
Q

What is the prognosis for Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

Poor Prognosis

  • -due to B symptoms
  • -extranodal spread to the blood (meningitis, brain, liver, spleen, bone marrow –results in pancytopenia)
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14
Q

What is the treatment for Burkitt’s Lymphoma?

A

Chemotherapy
–very good response because of the rate of growth
Radiotherapy (be careful this can lead to development of myelodysplastic syndrome)

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15
Q

Remember that KI67 is positive and BCL2 is negative

A

:)

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16
Q

The next lymphoid neoplasm we are going to speak about is Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma.. What are some features?

A

Most common type of lymphoma in adults, accounting for 50% of adult Non-Hodgkins Lymphoma’s.

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17
Q

What are some morphological features of Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma?

A

—Neoplastic B cell are large (At least 3 to 4x the size of resting lymphocytes) and vary in appearance.

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18
Q

What is the pathogenesis for Diffuse B cell Lymphoma?

A

1/3rd of tumors have rearrangement of BCL6, located on 3q27, and even higher fraction of tumors have activating point mutations in the BCL6 promoter.
–increased BCL6 protein
Another 30% of tumors have a 14;18 translocation involving BCL2 genes and overexpression of this gene

19
Q

Diffuse B cell lymphoma can be a primary (De novo) or secondary transformation of a previous low grade lymphoma. What is this called?

A

Richter’s Transformation:

  • -follicular lymphoma
  • –chronic lymphocytic leukemia
20
Q

Is diffuse Large B-cell lymphoma aggressive?

A

Yes, very high grade

21
Q

How do patients present with diffuse Large B cell lymphoma?

A

Presents in late adulthood as an enlarging lymph node or an extranodal mass

22
Q

Finally to end our discuss on non-hodgkin lymphoma, what are the common 5 and what are general features?

A
  1. Small Lymphocytic lymphoma
  2. Follicular Lymphoma
  3. Diffuse Large B cell lymphoma
  4. Small noncleaved (Burkitt’s) Lymphoma
  5. Lymphoblastic lymphoma
    Features:
    Always painless, no RS, extra-nodal spread, may skip nodes and tumor cells are in majority
23
Q

Next topic to be discussed is Hodgkin Lymphomas which is associated with minimal change disease. There are classical and variant types. What are these types?

A 
Classical: CD15+, CD30+ 
1.Nodular Sclerosis (classical)
2. Mixed Cellularity 
3. Lymphocyte depleted  
4.  Lymphocyte Rich 
Variant: CD20+, CD45+ 
1. Lymphocyte Predominant
24
Q

Now, lets go through each one of these types and discuss. Starting with nodular sclerosis, what are the features of this classification?

A 
Nodular Sclerosis: 
CD 15+, CD30 + ; EBV: rare 
RS cells = Lacunar with collagen bands 
68% (most common)
F is greater than male 
Localized 
Lower cervical, supraclavicular mediastinal LN and young patients 
more common in teens
25
Q

The next classification is Mixed cellularity, what are some features?

A 
Mixed Cellularity: 
CD 15+, CD30+ ; EBV: 70% 
RS cells = abundant with EOS, PC and histiocytes 
23% (second most common) 
May be disseminated 
May have B symptoms 
Most frequent in patients older than 50 years 
Biphasic occurrence
26
Q

The next classification is Lymphocyte depleted, what are some features?

A 
Lymphocyte Depleted: 
CD 15+, CD30+; EBV: most 
RS cells = Abundant with few lymphs 
Disseminated 
B symptoms in older patients 
least common 
Associated with AIDS patient and oral hairy leukopenia
27
Q

The next classification is Lymphocyte Rich, what are some features?

A

Lymphocyte Rich:
CD 15+, CD30+; EBV: 40%
RS cells abundant with T lymphocytes
Rare and best prognosis

28
Q

The last classification is lymphocyte predominance, what are some features?

A 
Lymphocyte Predominance: 
CD15-, CD30-, EBV -, CD20+ 
RS cells = popcorn with mature lymphs 
Localized 
Large nodules (but no collagen band fibrosis) 
less than 35 years old
29
Q

What is the presentation for patients with Hodgkin lymphoma?

A

Cervical and Axillary lymphadenopathy (pain after alcohol consumption)
–B symptoms (fever, weight loss and night sweats)

30
Q

What investigative tests are done for Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

Excisional LN biopsy:

–Reed Sternberg Cell (malignant B cells)

31
Q

What are some features of Reed Sternburg Cells?

A

Secrete Cytokines: attract inflammatory cells
Have an owl’s eye appearance
Slide 12

32
Q

What is a poor prognosis for Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

Increased RS cells (more the worse prognosis)
B symptoms
Extranodal Spread
–best prognostic factor is stage

33
Q

What is a good prognosis for Hodgkin Lymphoma?

A

A symptoms
More lymphocytes the better
Less RS cells
No extranodal spread (liver, spleen, bone marrow)
–generally not as aggressive an non-hodgkins lymphoma

34
Q

To end our discussion on Hodgkin lymphoma what are the common features?

A

Painful after alcohol
RS cells
Extra-nodal spread (less common)
Spreads along chain of Lymph nodes (respects anatomy) (gets in the blood slower so therefore better prognosis)
Tumor cells in minority (non neoplastic inflammatory cells in majority)

35
Q

The next topic for discussion is Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. This is a malignant B cell tumor What is the main difference between small and chronic?

A

Small Lymphocytic Lymphoma (SLL): restricted to lymph node; lymphocyte count is less than 4,000
Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia (CLL): Bone marrow to blood; lymphocyte count is greater than 4000

36
Q

Whom in the population tend to get chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

A 
Older men (over 50)
--most common adult leukemia
37
Q

What is the pathogenesis for chronic lymphocytic leukemia?

A

Mature, non functional malignant B cells that co-express CD20 and CD5

38
Q

What is the presentation for Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia?

A
  • Usually asymptomatic and incidental finding on blood smear
  • -Pancytopenia (fatigue, recurrent infections and bleeding)
  • -Develop warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia after time due to the malignant B cells activate normal B lymphocytes to form IgG and causing extravascular hemolysis
  • -Elevated MCHC
  • –Activate normal lymphocytes to produce IgG (attacks own red cells)
  • -Hypogammaglobulinemia :no plasma cells being formed
  • -Autoimmune thrombocytopenia
  • -Lymphadenopathy (painless)
  • -Heptaosplenomegaly (due to extramedullary hematopoiesis)
39
Q

What do you see on Peripheral blood smear in patients with CLL?

A

Peripheral Blood Smear: most accurate

  • -Smudge Cells (malignant B cells that are crushed during preparation due to fragile membranes)
  • -malignant B cells
  • –Spherocytes (autoimmune hemolytic anemia, Coombs positive)
40
Q

What do you see on Flow Cytometry for patients with CLL?

A

CD 19,20,5,23,43

41
Q

What do you see on Bone Marrow Aspirate and Lymph Node Biopsy for patient with CLL?

A

BM: Less than 5-10% blasts
Lymph Node Biopsy: Proliferation center (Well developed germinal centers) where the B cells are located
-less than 5-10% blasts because they are mature lymphocytes

42
Q

What are the complications in CLL?

A
  1. Recurrent Infections: (S. pneumoniae) most common cause of death
  2. Heart Failure (anemia)
  3. Bilirubin gallstones (hemolytic anemia)
  4. CLL —-DLBL (diffuse large B cell lymphoma): high grade lymphoma: Richter’s transformation
  5. CLL — AML: Blast transformation/crisis; blasts greater than 20-25% in bone marrow aspirate
  6. Warm autoimmune hemolytic anemia (warm because IgG binds at normal body temp)
  7. Thrombocytopenia = bleeding
43
Q

What is Evan’s Syndrome?

A

CLL + H. pylori + ITP

44
Q

Why is CLL Coombs test positive?

A

IgG attacks you and you get warm hemolytic anemia

  • -this is the only time you get jaundice and spherocytes in CLL
  • -IgG binds to the RBCs and this is Coombs positive

Pathology Post Midterm (50 decks)

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