Module 1- Disease State Flashcards
In 2018, there were an estimated __________ men living with prostate cancer in the United States?
3,245,430
In 2021, it was estimated that ________ men died from prostate cancer, representing ________% of all cancer deaths?
34,130, 5.6%
The rate of new cases of prostate cancer was ___ per 100,000 men per year based on 2014-2018 data.
19
The __________ prostate cancer is diagnosed, the better the chance a person has of surviving 5 years after being diagnosed?
earlier
The median age at diagnosis for men with prostate cancer is __?
66
Prostate cancer occurs most often in which race/ethnicity?
African American
The risk of developing prostate cancer is higher for men who ____ ____ ____ _____ ___ ____ ____.
Have severeal relatives affected by prostate cancer.
Mutations in genes such as _______, _________, and _________ have been linked to increased risk of prostate cancer.
BRCA1, BRCA2, HOXB13
Accounts for 70% of the prostate. This region also gives rise to 70% of prostate cancers.
Peripheral Zone
Surrounds the ejaculatory ducts and accounts for 25% of the prostate. About 1-5% of all prostate cancers develop here?
Central Zone
Accounts for approximately 5-10% of the prostate and is located near the urethra. This zone gives rise to up to 2% of all prostate cancers?
Transition Zone
The prostate is a sex accessory gland found only in _____?
Men
Where is the prostate located?
Below the bladder and in front of the rectum.
The prostate requires ________ called angrogens for normal development and growth?
Hormones
For androgens in the body, the ______ produce 90%, while the ____ produce 5-10%?
Testes/Adrenal Glands
Whom is the first doctor usually seen when a patient experiences symptoms such as trouble urinating?
PCP
Early stages of prostate cancer are typically _________.
Asymptomatic
Problems with urination are often associated with ____-________ conditions of the prostate, such as beign prostatic hyperplasia.
Non-Cancerous
Sometimes, physicans will calculate PSA to measure ______ __ _____ in PSA levels over time.
Rate- of- Change
In 2018 the USPSTF changed the rating on PSA screening to recommend that for men aged 55-69, screening be based on individualized decision making after __________ _____ ___ ________.
Discussion with a clinician.
When prostate cancer develops, the PSA level is usually greater than _____?
4 ng/ML
A procedure in which small samples of the prostate are removed & examined under a microscope is called?
Prostate Biopsy
5 Year Relative Survivial Rate
97.5%
10 Year Relative Survival Rate
98%
15 Year Relative Survival Rate
95%
Men with first degree relatives have a risk level of _____?
21%
PSA Velocity
Rate of Change Over Time
DRE Purpose
Physician digitally goes in to detect lumps and bumps in back part of prostate gland. Doesn’t detect early cancers.
What factors affect treatment options?
Age, health, life expectancy, severity of disease.
Active Surveillance
When cancer isn’t aggressive and there are low chances of progression. PSA screening and DRE every 6 months, along w/ yearly biopsy.
Major Side Effects of Radical Prostatectomy?
ED, Urinary Incontinence
2 Treatment Options for Advanced Prostate Cancer
ADT (Androgen Deprivation Therapy), or Bilateral Ochiectomy
Side Effects of Hormone Therapy?
Weight gain, developing breast tissue, low libido, ED, shrinking of testicles and penis, hot flashes and breast tenderness.
MCSPC
Metastasized Castration Sensitive Prostate Cancer
CRPC
Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
MCRPC
Metastatic Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer
If the Gleason Score is written as 4+3=7, what does the 4 represent?
The rating of the most predominant cancer cell in the tumor.
Which of the following are imaging tests performed to determine is prostate cancer has spread?
CT Scan, Bone scan and MRI
In the AJCC TNM staging system, what does the M represent?
Metastasized
Watchful waiting is used for monitoring?
Disease progression of elderly prostate cancer patients whose co-morbities make other treatment options more dangerous.
Surgery is a common treatment with the intention to cure prostate cancer when?
When the prostate cancer is localized to just the prostate gland.
2 main types of _________ therapy used for prostate cancer are external beam radiation therapy and ________?
Raditation/brachytherapy
The goal of ________ therapy is to reduce androgen levels in the body, or stop them from stimulating prostate cancer cells?
ADT (Androgen Deprivation Therapy)
The side effects of chemotherapy depend on the _______ and the _______ of drugs given and how long they’re taken?
type/dose
Which treatments are considered Androgen Receptor Inhibitors?
Enzaltamide, Apalutamide and Darolutadmide
Which are treatments for Osteoporosis?
Bisphosphonates and Denosumab
Which therapy is typically started for advanced prostate cancer and continues through end of life?
Hormonal therapy
What is the major circulating androgen in the body (males)?
Testosterone
Explain the HPG Axis
The hypothalumus stimulates the pituitary gland with GnRH causing the release of FSH and LH to the testes where is makes sperm and testosterone.
What are the severities of prostate cancer?
1) Localized 2) Locally Advanced and 3) Advanced
