MODULE 1

Question 1

Building blocks of communication; are sets of symbols and meanings produced
and transmitted in the communication process; can be verbal or nonverbal.

Answer 1

Messages

Question 2

Most of the messages we send and receive are ___________.

Answer 2

Symbolic

Question 3

taking ideas and converting them into messages

Answer 3

Encoding

Question 4

taking ideas and converting them into messages

Answer 4

Encoding

Question 5

receiving a message and interpreting its meaning based on previously agreed-on definitions.

Answer 5

Decoding

Question 6

setting, scene, and expectations of the individuals involved.

Answer 6

Context

Question 7

4 dimensions of context

Answer 7

1. Physical
2. Socio-psychological
3. Temporal
4. Cultural

Question 8

refers to all the people in the interaction or speech setting; emphasizes that each person involved in communication is both a source (or speaker) and a receiver (or listener).

Answer 8

Source-receiver

Question 9

What is the information we acquire when we speak and observe others’ nonverbal behavior to see if they understand us and we
gauge their emotional state?

Answer 9

Feedback

Question 10

medium through which the message passes; we may use two, three, or four different _____________ simultaneously.

Answer 10

Channel

Question 11

anything that interferes with message transmission or reception. These include poor audio quality or too much sound, poor image quality, closedmindedness, technical jargons, etc.

Answer 11

Noise

Question 12

4 types of noise

Answer 12

1. physical noise
2. physiological noise
3. psychological noise
4. semantic noise

Question 13

perceptible interference that is external to both speaker and listener (like screeching of passing cars, illegible handwriting)

Answer 13

Physical noise

Question 14

perceptible interference that is external to both speaker and listener (like screeching of passing cars, illegible handwriting)

Answer 14

Physical noise

Question 15

created by barriers within the sender or receiver such as visual impairments, hearing loss, articulation problems, and memory loss.

Answer 15

Physiological noise

Question 16

mental interference in the speaker or listener and includes preconceived ideas, wandering thoughts, biases and prejudices, closed-mindedness, and extreme emotionalism.

Answer 16

Psychological noise

Question 17

created when the speaker and listener have different meaning system; includes language or dialectical differences, the use of jargon or overly complex terms, and ambiguous or overly abstract terms whose meanings can be easily misinterpreted.

Answer 17

Semantic noise

Question 18

For every communication, there is always some consequence or ____________.

Answer 18

Effect

Question 19

3 types of effects

Answer 19

1. Cognitive
2. Affective
3. Behavioral

Question 20

changes in your thinking, like when you acquire knowledge or a skill from a class or an interaction.

Answer 20

Cognitive effects

Question 21

changes in your attitudes, values, beliefs, and emotions

Answer 21

Affective effects

Question 22

changes in behaviors such as learning new dance movements, throwing a curveball, or using different verbal and nonverbal behaviors.

Answer 22

Behavioral effects

Question 23

communication with oneself, usually through reflective thinking.

Answer 23

Intrapersonal communication

Question 24

Communication between two persons or a small group of people whose lives mutually influence one another; form of communication that builds, maintains, and ends our relationships and is usually of a continuing personal (rather than temporary and impersonal) nature.

Answer 24

Interpersonal communication

Question 25

communication that proceeds by question and answer; form of communciation driven by a ourpose (usually to derive information or provide counseling) and is directed towards its object by the interviewer.

Answer 25

Interviewing

Question 26

interactions among three or more people who are connected through a common purpose, mutual influence, and a shared identity; serves relationship needs as well as task needs

Answer 26

Small group communication

Question 27

communication among interrelated individuals within a particular environment or setting to achieve individual and common goals; highly contextual and culturally dependent

Answer 27

Organizational communication

Question 28

communication between a speaker and an audience; different from other forms of interaction in that it requires greater levels of planning and preparation on the part of the speaker and involves less direct interaction; Audience members still interact with the speaker via mostly nonverbal symbols, but there is a lesser degree of give and take than there is in one-on-one conversations. Audiences range in size from several people to hundreds, thousands, and even millions.

Answer 28

Public speaking/communication/presentational speaking

Question 29

umbrella term that encompasses various forms of human communciation through networked computers and electronic devices; can be synchronous or asynchronous and involve one-to-one, one-to-many, or many-to-many exchanges of text, audio, and/or video messages.

Answer 29

Computer mediated communication

Question 30

communication from one source to many receivers, who may be scattered throughout the world; a certain amount of intentionality goes into transmitting a mass communication message since it usually requires one or more extra steps to convey the message.

Answer 30

Mass communication

Question 31

visual representations of processes that attempt to facilitate the understanding of communciation's complexities.

Answer 31

Communication models

Question 32

1) He was the first to take an initiative and design this communication model; 2) simple and basic as it has 3 main features, namely: speaker, message, audience. It is a speaker centered model as the speaker has the most important role in it and is the only one active. It is the speaker’s role to deliver a speech to the audience. The role of the audience is passive, influenced by the speech.

Answer 32

Aristotle, Aristotelian Model

Question 33

1) He developed one of the earlier models of communciation depicting it as a unidirectional process with 5 elements: sender, message, channel, receiver, and what effect the message has; 2) primarily designed to analyze mass communication. Back in 1948, it was meant to study media propaganda from countries and businesses. Newspapers were not read by everyone, simply because subscriptions were too expensive. It was from this perspective that Lasswell came up with the concept of effective mass communication; the relationship between the presentation of the message and how this generates different effects. The effect of a message can also be seen as feedback.

Answer 33

Harold Lasswell, Lasswell Communication Model

Question 34

originally designed to improve telephone communication; identifies 5 basic components: an information source, a transmitter, a receiver, a destination, and noise. first communication model to recognize physical disturbances that interferes with successful message transmission. also depicts communication as a one-way or linear sequence of transmission and reception. It also depicts noise as an element found only within the message and not throughout the communication process. And since it originally applied to telephone communication, its concepts of transmitter, receiver and noise are mechanical.

Answer 34

Shannon-Weaver Model

Question 35

He conceptualized a number of models to explain the communication process. In each of his models, he introduces and explains an essential component of the communication act. His second communication, for example, model highlights the importance of an overlap of communicators’ fields. His second model recognizes the dual role of each communicator in that he is both sender and receiver, and that both encoding and decoding entail personal interpretation. His fourth model emphasizes the dynamism of human communication as it attempts to explain that people interact in constant cyclical fashion whereas earlier models depict communication as a sequence.

Answer 35

Wilbur Schramm, Schramm's Model

Question 36

represent the process of communication in its simplest form, only using the elements: Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver. Acknowledged the complexity of the communication process as evidenced by the influence of several factors on communication, to include an allencompassing system – the communicator’s sociocultural framework. Under each element, he elaborated the influences that may affect the message transmission. The source and receiver are influenced by their: knowledge, attitudes and communication skills, and their sociocultural system. Where the communicator’s message is concerned, three areas matter: message content, communicator’s treatment, and coding of content. Channels of communication or the means by which communication is shared consist of five senses, seeing, hearing, touching, smelling, tasting

Answer 36

David Berlo, Berlo's SMCR Model

Question 37

circular and continuous, illustrating the sequence of events that take place in communication. His 1960 model is that of a cyclical process composed of eight stages: thinking, symbolizing, expressing, transmitting, receiving, decoding, feedbacking, monitoring.

Answer 37

Eugene White, White's Model

Question 38

represents the process of communication as one that progresses or moves forward in cyclical fashion; views communication as cyclical and dynamic, influenced by time and experience, continuous, non-repetitive, and accumulative; time-based third dimension; model now looks like a 3d spring.

Answer 38

Helical Model/Dance's Helix Model

Question 39

defined communication as a dynamic (powerful), systemic (parts form a whole) process in which communicators discover personal meanings through their symbolic interactions. Her Symbolic Interaction theory explains how humans develop a complex set of symbols that gives meaning to the world in their perspective. The meanings are molded from the interactions with the society. And these interactions are subjectively interpreted by them to suit the meaning in accordance with the existing symbols.

Answer 39

Julia Wood (1998)

Question 40

The Symbolic Interaction Model recognizes that interactions may be either sequential or simultaneous since there is no direction specified. In addition to the model’s dynamic feature, there is also the systemic quality of communication. Several levels of systems are represented within the model. Both communicators live within a vast social system or social world composed of all the social systems that make up a given society. Each communicator belongs to a few not all of such systems and is represented by dotted lines. This is to indicate the openness of these systems to forces outside of them. Furthermore, the model emphasizes the communicator’s personal construction of meanings through his individual phenomenal world. This world consists of everything that makes up an individual — self- concept, goals, emotions, thoughts, skills, attitudes, past experiences, beliefs, and values. This world is the basis for interpreting communication. In the model Communicator B interprets A’s messages through his phenomenal world, not through A’s. To the extent that these two worlds overlap, A and B will have a clear, shared understanding of symbols. Their personally constructed meanings when found to be common or similar will lead them to deeper communication. Finally, the model presents a feature not highlighted by the other models: constraints. The series of lines indicates the existence of constraints throughout the communication process. Constraints may come in the form of conditions beyond our control (i.e., unstable economy) and they may also be found in the communicators (i.e., biases, moods, dislikes).

Answer 40

Symbolic Interaction Model

Question 41

Premised on speechmaking, this model is comprised of essentially the following components: a speaker, the primary communicator, gives a speech, a continuous, purposive oral message, to the listeners, who provide feedback to the speaker. The exchange occurs in various channels in a particular situation and cultural context.

Answer 41

Speech Communication Transaction Model

Question 42

10 principles of communication

Answer 42

1. Communication is Purposeful 2. Communication is Transactional 3. Communication is a Package of Signals 4. Communication is a Process of Adjustment 5. Communication Involves Content and Relationship Dimensions 6. Communication is Ambiguous 7. Communication is Punctuated 8. Communication is Inevitable, Irreversible, and Unrepeatable