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Ethics > Module 1 > Flashcards

Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the definition of Philosophy?

A

Love of wisdom, the study of fundamental values of knowledge, reality & existence and academic discipline.

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2
Q

What does Philosophy involve?

A
  1. Questioning
  2. Critical Discussion
  3. Rational Argument
  4. Systematic Presentation/Argument
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3
Q

What are the x3 C’s of Philosophy?

A

Clarity (will assist in the) Construction (of your position, & provides the means of) Criticism.

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4
Q

What’s the antidote to Dogmatism?

A

The laying down of principles as undeniably true.

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5
Q

Name x3 Ancient Philosophers.

A
  1. Socrates
  2. Plato
  3. Aristotle
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6
Q

Name x3 Medieval Philosophers.

A
  1. Thomas Aquinas
  2. Augustine of Hippo
  3. Anselm
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7
Q

Name Modern Philosophers.

A
  1. Kant
  2. Marx
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8
Q

Name Contemporary Philosophers.

A
  1. Peter Singer
  2. Jean-Paul Sartre
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9
Q

Define Morals.

A

Moralis.
Concerned with actions and Norms
that are Absolute and Unconditional.

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10
Q

Define Ethics.

A

Ethikos.
Values, ethos and character which is developed over time
and is influenced/subject to Relative forces.

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11
Q

List x4 Examples of Morals.

A
  1. Just vs Unjust
  2. Clemency vs Punishment
  3. Innocence vs Guilt
  4. Right vs Wrong
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12
Q

List x4 Examples of Ethics.

A
  1. Good vs Bad
  2. Praise vs Blame
  3. Fair vs Unfair
  4. Better vs Worse
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13
Q

What are the x3 Categories of Actions and their definitions?

A
  1. Moral - if they reflect a person’s values and those of society.
  2. Immoral - if they go against a person’s/society’s values.
  3. Amoral - if they do not reflect choices based on values. i.e. have no sense of right/wrong.
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14
Q

What is the way in which Ethics affects behaviour?

A

Values inform Attitudes which shape Behaviour.

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15
Q

Name the x3 Goals of ‘Successful’ Morals & Ethics.

A
  1. Authenticity
  2. Relevance
  3. Practicality
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16
Q

How are Morals & Ethics applied?

A
  1. Organic - adapt over time
  2. Easily Implemented
  3. Recognised Means
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17
Q

What affects Morals & Ethics?

A

Extrinsic Forces.

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18
Q

Define Extrinsic Forces.

A

Outside forces that have direct bearing on outcomes.

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19
Q

List x7 Extrinsic Forces.

A
  1. Economics
  2. Politics
  3. History
  4. Culture/Tradition
  5. Religion
  6. Law/Rules
  7. Media
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20
Q

What is considered Ethical?

A

By knowing the converse, brings understanding to original: Unethical - if it prohibits or impedes on the Flourishing Well-Being.

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21
Q

Define Moral Agency.

A

An individual’s ability to make moral judgment based on some notion of ‘right’/’wrong’, and to be held accountable for his/her action(s).
1. Capacity
2. Responsibility
3. Accountability

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22
Q

What are the x3 Components of Moral Agency and their definitions?

A
  1. Capacity to Judge:
    (a) Possess the ability to think critically and rationally
    (b) Be able to identify moral issues/dilemmas
    (c) Understand the difficult/unpleasant actions must be does as a means to moral resolution
  2. Moral Autonomy:
    (a) Power of self-determination
    (b) Self-governance - living according to one’s personal values/beliefs/desires
    (c) Personal responsibility
  3. Freewill:
    (a) Possess the ability to choose between actions without interference
    (b) To apply moral thinking within/to a moral dilemma
    (c) Not influenced/determined by physical or divine forces
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23
Q

What x3 things does Moral Philosophy necessitate?

A
  1. Reflection
  2. Contemplation
  3. Wisdom (Phronesis)
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24
Q

What comes first, Moral Resolution or Moral Action?

A

Moral Resolution Precedes Moral Action - Look Before You Leap.

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25
Q

Why is moral Resolution important?

A
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26
Q

Define a Moral Dilemma.

A
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27
Q

Provide an example of a Moral Dilemma.

A
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28
Q

Who would not be considered an independent moral agent?

A
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29
Q

Define Virtue Ethics.

A
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30
Q

What was Socrates’ definition of Virtue?

A

Knowledge, which is a forerunner to Self-Consciousness - “Know Thyself.”

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31
Q

Name the x4 main virtues established by Plato.

A
  1. Prudence/Wisdom
  2. Courage/Fortitude
  3. Temperance
  4. Justice
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32
Q

List the x4 Cardinal Virtues.

A
  1. Prudence/Wisdom
  2. Courage
  3. Temperance
  4. Justice
33
Q

List the x3 Aristotelian Virtue Theory.

A
  1. Head - Reason
  2. Heart - Emotion
  3. Soul - Mysticism
34
Q

What is the converse of Virtue?

A

Vice.

35
Q

In what way did Aristotle propose that virtue is acquired?

A

Through Mentorship. Virtues are trained.

36
Q

According to Aristotle, what defines Virtues and what are they supposed to achieve?

A

Virtue is a Character Trait or Excellence (Aretai) which must achieve Well-Being (Eudaimonia).

37
Q

Define Moral Virtues.

A

Rooted in emotion by habit. Hard to measure.

38
Q

Define Intellectual Virtues.

A

Based on rational by practice. Easy to measure.

39
Q

List x3 Moral Virtues.

A
  1. Courage
  2. Generosity
  3. Wittiness
40
Q

List x3 Intellectual Virtues.

A
  1. Academic
  2. Athlete
  3. Concert Pianist
41
Q

How can we measure Moral Virtue?

A

Aristotle developed the Golden Mean.

42
Q

What is the Golden Mean?

A

Deficient - Mean/Virtue - Excess

43
Q

Define Intrinsic Virtue.

A

Good in and of itself.

44
Q

Give x2 examples of Intrinsic Virtues.

A
  1. Faith
  2. Activism
45
Q

Define Extrinsic Virtue.

A

Good for the sake of something.

46
Q

Give x2 examples of Extrinsic Virtues.

A
  1. Accountability
  2. Governance
47
Q

Give x2 examples of Modern Virtues.

A
  1. Resume Virtues - Wealth, Fame, Status
  2. Eulogy Virtues - Kindness, Bravery, Honesty, Faithfulness
48
Q

List x3 Weaknesses of Virtue Ethics.

A
  1. It necessitates mentorship - What if there aren’t any examples from which to learn?
  2. Relies heavily on Relativism - Interpretation of words and their meanings change over time.
  3. Based on Relationships - Whereas 4th Industrial Revolution is associated with Technology.
49
Q

List x3 Strengths of Virtue Ethics.

A
  1. Still resonates and has relevance - despite it being old.
  2. Can extend beyond the individual to corporate.
  3. Could be argued that Whistleblowing stems from the consciousness of Moral Virtue.
50
Q

Distinguish between Moral and Intellectual Virtue.

A

Moral - based on emotions by habit.
Intellectual - based on reason by practice.

51
Q

Define Utilitarian Ethics.

A

It focuses on Outcomes and Consequences. It is a Normative Ethics Approach, which overturns the ‘Classical’ Tradition that ethics is based on human rationality.

52
Q

Who fathered Utilitarianism?

A

Jeremy Bentham.

53
Q

What is Utilitarian Ethics also known as by Philosophy?

A

Consequentialist.

54
Q

What phrase is associated with Utilitarianism?

A

Greatest good for the greatest number.

55
Q

In what way does Utilitarian Ethics differ from the classic ethics tradition?

A

Utilitarianism proposes that ethics can be motivated by emotions/feelings (relative) and not solely by reason (rationality).

56
Q

Why is Utilitarianism regarded as a Consequentialist Ethic?

A

Because the view counsels that in deciding whether an act is morally ‘good’, we should look to see if it has good consequences for ALL.

57
Q

Define Dualism.

A

It allows for both Rational and Emotional natures to influence and inform actions/decisions.

58
Q

What does Universalism suggest?

A

That we all feel the same.

59
Q

What is the Principle of Utility?

A

One must always do that which will have the most Utility for all concerned.

60
Q

Define Utility.

A

Good = Common Good:
Usefulness
Pleasure > Pain
Flourishing and Well-being

61
Q

What implication does Common Good have?

A

Egalitarian overtones.

62
Q

Outline what is meant by ‘the common good.’

A
63
Q

Define Egalitarianism.

A

Believing/based on the assumption that all people are equal and the whatever is ‘good’ is so for everyone.

64
Q

Define Act Utilitarianism.

A

Judge the moral worth of an action according to how well it generates the greatest good for the greatest number.
Considered to be an extreme position and of little value.

65
Q

Define Rule Utilitarianism.

A

Judge the moral worth of an action by how well it conforms to moral rules that have been accepted according to the Utilitarian standard.
Considered to be a limited position that has value.

66
Q

Describe the difference between Act & Rule Utilitarianism.

A
67
Q

What question best sums up the difference between Act and Rule Utilitarianism?

A

What if everyone did that?

68
Q

What is the Utilitarian Stance regarding Morals and Ethics?

A

If Morals has to do with actions and Ethics guide our actions, then Ethics must have to do with feelings and emotions because, whether good or bad, they motivate/guide our actions.

69
Q

What does Utilitarianism say about Emotions?

A

It proposes that feelings should not be disregarded, but recognised. ALL life has feelings.
It also recognises that feelings are not confined to just the species of Homo sapiens - animals have feelings too.

70
Q

What is the Cost Benefit Analysis?

A

It is a form of Utilitarianism and often disregards feelings.

71
Q

Use an example to describe Cost Benefit Analysis.

A

Humans working on a production line.
In order to achieve greatest good (profit) must make the people work hard and long.

72
Q

List the x2 Weaknesses of Utilitarianism.

A
  1. It’s difficult to ‘know’ what the consequences for actions will be.
  2. Utility of the individual can be disregarded/marginalised since it only looks ash the greatest good for the greatest number.
73
Q

What are x4 questions that highlight the Weaknesses in Utilitarianism?

A
  1. Who decides?
  2. What measures are used?
  3. How is assessment made?
  4. Does EVERYONE feel/experience pain in the same may/measure?
74
Q

List the x5 Strengths of Utilitarianism.

A
  1. Maximises Well-being
  2. Extends to ALL Living Beings
  3. Accounts for Bigger Picture
  4. Compatible with Cost Benefit Analysis
  5. Pragmatic Approach - not just theoretical (Pragmatic - deals with things sensibly and realistically based on practical considerations)
75
Q

Explain how triage can be seen as a form of Utilitarianism.

A
76
Q

Can government policy-making be seen to incorporate Utilitarianism?

A
77
Q

Explain how dualism and universalism are important within the Utilitarian tradition.

A
78
Q

Can animal experimentation be seen to be supported by the Utilitarian stance?

A
79
Q
A

Ethics (12 decks)

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