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Module 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 9 elements of the ideal patient journey?

A

well, health decline, triage, admittance, diagnosis, treatment, palliative care, discharge, monitoring

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2
Q

What factors can contribute to a person’s general healthly state?

A

age, diet, previous/pre-existing conditions or other physical or social determinants of health

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3
Q

Factors that can contribute to a health decline?

A

genetics, infection, injury, nutrition, environment and access to care

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4
Q

what is triage?

A

the process of determining the severity of the disease or illness to decide the priority of treatment among the patients in the emergency department or urgent care, a decision will be made to admit them for additional testing or send them home.

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5
Q

Why can patient be admitted into a care facility?

A

if a patient’s condition is too severe to send them home, the issue has not been identified or there is a cause for concern, the patient has be stabilized but need to receive treatment and be monitored

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6
Q

When in the ideal patient journey does the patient and their families might get recommendations for social support and counselling?

A

diagnosis

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7
Q

What is the goal of palliative care?

A

make the patient as comfortable as possible until death. The mediations used are just to relieve the symptoms rather than treating the root cause.

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8
Q

When does a patient go into palliative care?

A

when treatments are unsuccessful or unavailable and the patient’s condition is terminal

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9
Q

Physical and social determinants of health (definition)

A

factors influencing health besides genetics and lifestyle choices

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10
Q

Present (definition)

A

In the field of medicine, a presentation is the appearance of sign(s) or symptom(s) of disease
by a patient before a medical professional.

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11
Q

Point-of-care testing (definition)

A

Medical diagnostic testing at the time and place of patient care, allowing
physicians to collect real-time testing results

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12
Q

Prognosis (definition)

A

A medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including
whether the signs and symptoms will improve, worsen, or remain stable

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13
Q

Factors that can worsen optimal health care?

A
  • Fear of medical systems
  • Systemic racism
  • Lack of ready access to primary care
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14
Q

Name all the elements in the pathology paradigm (9)?

A

Etiology, pathogenesis, biochemical changes, testing, morphological changes, functional changes, natural history, treatments, complications (comorbidities).

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15
Q

What is Etiology?

A

cause

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16
Q

What is pathogenesis?

A

mechanism
The development of disease can be described as its mechanism of action,
or the pathogenesis. Includes observations of the changes in the body

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17
Q

what are the biochemical changes?

A

'’lab test’’ values (DNA sequencing, inflammation markers, glucose levels and antigen tests, HDL and LDL levels and ELISA results)/ changes to the chemical process in the body

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18
Q

What are the morphological changes?

A

How it appears?
i.e: changes in the structure of the cells or the tissues, swelling, alteration in the differentiation, histology slides, blood smears, biopsy results.

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19
Q

What are the functional changes?

A

“how it works?”/ changes to physiology (change in range of motion, muscle strength, blood pressure, temperature)

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20
Q

What is natural history?

A

prognosis (depends on genetics and envir + social determinants of health and disease)

The overall progression of a disease, which will determine the
prognosis or the likely outcome for the patient

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21
Q

What method of learning do Indigenous people use?

A

experiential learning; it is actively done on the land through activities such as crafting, walking, working, moving and building.
They learn through observation, action, reflection and further action.
They pass the knowledge to future generations by (oral tradition) telling the stories, poems, songs
Learning is done in relationships (groups)
Spiritual development or growth is an essential part of learning. Based on the concept that we are all related to each other.

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22
Q

Who is responsible for keeping up the oral tradition?

A

knowledge keepers (person with a good memory, they are trained to keep track history, treaties and other community events ).

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23
Q

Purposes of storytelling?

A

teaching, influence behavior, explain all things in a nature and for enjoyment.

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24
Q

What is holism?

A

refers to the idea that systems should be viewed as wholes instead of their individual parts. Includes non-medical issues, such as the negative effects of being away from one’s community during extended hospital stays

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25
What does the Western health system address?
physiological cause, symptoms + treatment
26
What does Indigenous medicine focus on?
holistic approach, includes non medical issues such as negative effects of being away from one's community. (emotions, spirituality, physical and mental health)
27
Cells < tissues < organs < systems < body
Cells: basic unit of life, each one has the same instructional book (strands of DNA) but the differentiate bc of gene expression. Tissue: cells differentiate to perform specific functions. Cells that function together stick together to create a unit. Organs: collection of tissue that perform a shared function. System: group of organs that work collaboratively towards a common purpose
28
What are the 4 types of tissues?
epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous tissue.
29
Functions of the plasma membrane?
skin of the cell, controls what enters and what leaves, made of a double layer of phospolipids, they have transportors and receptors
30
What is the function of the nucleus?
has DNA, where the DNA is transcribed
31
What is the function of mitochondria?
produce lots of energy, krebs cycle
32
What is the function of the ER, endoplasmic reticulum
("factory"): translation (mRNA -> proteins), formation of lipids and transporter of molecules
33
What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?
("post office"): processing and packaging of proteins into vesicles (lipid bond structures)
34
What is the function of the lysosomes?
digest different waste products and damaged cellular material + destroy viruses and bacteria
35
What is the function of the endosomes?
transport vesicles that sort, store and organize contents inside the cells + and those entering from outside
36
What is the function of the peroxisomes?
breakdown of hydrogen peroxide and reactive oxygen species
37
What is the cytoplasm?
fluid contained within the plasma membrane, where all of the other organelles and cellular components are found. Its chemical composition is tightly regulated, as cellular processes require specific conditions.
38
What is the cytoskeleton?
skeleton and muscular system, dense network of specialized structural filaments, generates force for cellular movement, transports vesicles along microtubes and active filaments.
39
Describe the steps of the central dogma?
flow of genetic info (genes -> proteins). Replication: duplicates DNA before cell division Transcription: DNA -> RNA (has diff types and diff functions) Translation: mRNA -> amino acids that fold into proteins (in cytoplasm or ER, it is folded and processed to be send to its final to its final destination)
40
What is gene regulation?
when cells have different structural and functional characteristics will have different genes turned on and off. - allows cells to respond to internal or envir stimuli
41
Process of gene regulation?
1. Stimulus ligand binds to a receptor in the plasma membrane which triggers a chain of events. 2. Bound receptor activates a cellular signalling. 3. Signalling protein that travels into the nucleus to upregulate transcription. 4. An increase in transcription is shown producing mRNA. 5. This mRNA is then translated producing a protein. 6. The mature protein is secreted from the cell
42
Mutations?
DNA damage or error in replication = altered function = disease - DNA mutations does NOT always produce mutant proteins (the mutation could happen in the intergenic regions, introns they get cut out)
43
What is DNA repair?
cellular mechanisms capable of restoring a mutation back to its original sequence. When it fails -> the new sequence may lead to a change in the amino acid sequence in the protein.
44
When does a cell divide?
Cells normally remain the same size and do not grow or divide spontaneously, cells will divide in response to events such as tissue damage or growth signals
45
G0?
resting, not a part of the cell cycle (nerve or muscle cells) G 0 is not part of the cell cycle. Rather, it is a phase that cells may enter when they are not actively dividing. Some define this as being quiescent, or “resting.” Cell types often found in G 0 are nerve and muscle cells
46
G1?
(largest part = active growth), active growing cells, not division Cells in the G 1 phase are active and growing, but have not yet committed to undergoing division. These cells must pass through a checkpoint to start cell division. The majority of a cell's lifetime is spent in the G 1 phase.
47
S phase?
(synthesis) replication (46 pairs of chromosomes) During the S phase, cells replicate their entire genomes in preparation for division, so that each daughter cell will receive a full copy of the 23 pairs of chromosomes that are found in each somatic human cell.
48
G2
(cell growth) last chance to grow, DNA is checked, increase in size and amount of organelles The G 2 phase is the last chance for cells to grow before division. In this phase, D N A is checked before committing to dividing. The total amount of cytoplasm, as well as the size of organelles like the Golgi apparatus, increases during this growth phase
49
Mitosis?
Cell Division: During mitosis, cells are reorganized for cell division-a critical point in the cell life cycle. At this stage, protein synthesis is halted, since the D N A must be carefully packaged in preparation of division. The endoplasmic reticulum, cytoskeleton, and other organelles are all reorganized, and the nucleus dissolves. Once the chromosomes move to opposite ends of the cell, the organelles reform. Mitosis concludes with cytokinesis, when the cell is finally divided into two separate daughter cells.
50
What is the definition of a checkpoint?
A control mechanism that ensures a process has been accurately completed before progress into the next phase begins
51
What does it mean when we say that cell division is asymmetric?
meaning they are genetically identical but diff gene expression.
52
What are stem cells?
specialized cells that can divide to produce new stem cells (process: renewal, can happen over several cycles ). Are found in tissues throughout the body. Can divide to produce new stem cells, they can be differentiated into progenitor cells
53
What are progenitor cells?
have potential to divide and differential into other types, cannot de-defferentiate back to stem cells, through asymmetric division, they divide to replace specialized damaged or lost cells
54
What is differentiation?
progenitor cells divide to replace specialized cells that are damaged or lost, must commit to only one differentiated cell type.
55
What is neoplasm?
which means new growth. This can be as minor as a benign wart or a far more serious invasive cancer. The cell cycle is monitored by proteins that make up checkpoints. Each checkpoint is a control mechanism to ensure that a cell does not move to the next phase of the cell cycle if something has gone wrong
56
What is necrosis?
severe lack of resources necessary for life due to severe trauma = release of harmful chemicals and enzymes = inflammation and damage to tissue
57
What is apoptosis?
carefully regulated process where cell breaks in a controlled manner (no inflammation), occurs frequently in natural developmental process
58
what are the 4 quadrants of the medicine wheel?
Emotional, spiritual, physical and mental health
59
Explain the emotional health? (black)
Emotional Health includes causality (relationship between a sequence of events) and access to equipment and services
60
Explain the physical health? (yellow)
Physical Health includes capacities, mobility, comorbidity awareness and prevention (e.g. other diseases- how do you handle those). In health care, capacity describes a person's ability to make a decision
61
Explain the mental health? (red)
Mental Health covers housing, family, community and ceremony (which also covers church/synagogue/mosque and other religious congregations, traditions, and observances)
62
Explain the spiritual health? (white)
Spiritual Health has cultural safety, strengths, and resiliencies which are important aspects of one's sense of self and ability to cope.

PATH (6 decks)

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