MODULE 1

Question 1

is the science that deals with the motion of liquids in relation to disciplines such as fluid mechanics and fluid dynamics.

Answer 1

HYDRAULICS

Question 2

is the science that deals with the
occurrence, circulation and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere.
it is concerned with the water in streams and lakes, rainfall and snowfall, snow and ice on the land and water occurring below the earth’s surface in the pores of the soil and rocks.

Answer 2

Hydrology

Question 3

The most abundant substance on earth, the principal constituent of all living things, and a major force constantly shaping the surface of the earth.

Answer 3

Water

Question 4

The planet earth is called as the

Answer 4

Water planet.

Question 5

The earth’s ability to support life is facilitated by the existence of water in its three states, as it serves as a climate stabilizer by absorbing and releasing energy
during transitions between these phases.

Answer 5

WATER

Question 6

the water transfer cycle, which
occurs continuously in nature.

This is a conceptual model of how water moves
around between the earth and atmosphere in
different states as a gas, liquid or solid.

Answer 6

Hydrologic Cycle

Question 7

PHASES OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Answer 7

Evaporation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Infiltration
Runoff

Question 8

the transfer of water from the surface of the earth to the atmosphere.

Answer 8

Evaporation

Question 9

the process of water vapor being emitted by plant leaves.

Answer 9

Transpiration

Question 10

the total evaporation.

Answer 10

Evapotranspiration

Question 11

the result when tiny condensation particles grow too large.

Answer 11

Precipitation

Question 12

the flow of water from the ground surface into the ground.

Answer 12

Infiltration

Question 13

the quantity of water discharged in surface streams.

Answer 13

Runoff

Question 14

the direct conversion from solid state to vapor state.

Answer 14

Sublimation

Question 15

the primary form of atmospheric moisture.

Answer 15

Water Vapor

Question 16

the transition process from the vapor state to the liquid state.

Answer 16

Condensation

Question 17

the water cycle is in balance, and the amount of precipitation falling will slowly soak into the ground and eventually reach the rivers.

Answer 17

WATER BALANCE

Question 18

The hydrological cycle is a good example-the total amount of water is the same, with virtually no water added to or lost from the cycle.

Answer 18

A CLOSED SYSTEM

Question 19

Human activities have the potential to lead to
changes in this balance which will have knock on
impacts.
Paving, compacting soils, and altering the nature of
the vegetation (including deforestation).

Answer 19

HUMAN INPUTS

Question 20

Air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration are related through the balance of incoming and outgoing energy, in combination with water at the earth’s surface.

Answer 20

ENERGY AND WATER BALANCE

Question 21

can be established for any of earth’s surface by calculating the total precipitation input and
the total of various outputs.

Answer 21

water balance

Question 22

allows an examination of
the hydrologic cycle for any period of time.

Answer 22

water-balance approach

Question 23

a method by which we can
account for the hydrologic cycle of a specific area,
with emphasis on plants and soil moisture.

Answer 23

water balance

Question 24

defined by the general hydrologic equation, which is basically a statement of the law of conservation of mass as applied to the hydrologic cycle.

Answer 24

water balance

Question 25

WATER BALANCE EQUATION

Answer 25

∆S = I – O

where:
I = inflow
O = outflow
∆S = change in storage

Question 26

WATER BALANCE EQUATION

Answer 26

P − Q − E = dS/dt

where:
P = precipitation [mm/a-1]
Q = discharge [mm/a-1]
E = evaporation [mm/a-1]
dS/dt (∆S) = storage changes per time step [mm/a-1]

Question 27

Water balances are usually calculated for a specific
area, which is called______________ (also called as drainage basin, discharge area, precipitation area, and watershed).

Answer 27

catchment area

Question 28

defined as the area upstream from a certain point in the water course that contributes to flow when precipitation falls. The size of the catchment depends on where this point is located in the stream and its topography or altitude situation.

Answer 28

catchment

Question 29

The area of the catchment is determined by the__________________

Answer 29

water divide

Question 30

estimates the amount of water in each
component of the water cycle.

Answer 30

Water budget

Question 31

WATER BUDGET COMPONENTS
*water inflow

Answer 31

• Precipitation
• Surface water flow into basin
• Imported water
• Ground water inflow

Question 32

WATER BUDGET COMPONENTS
*Water Outflow

Answer 32

• Evaporation
• Evapotranspiration
• Surface water outflow
• Exported water
• Ground water outflow

Question 33

WATER BUDGET COMPONENTS
*Change in Water Storage

Answer 33

• Snow pack
• Unsaturated soil zone
• Streams, rivers, reservoirs
• Aquifers