MODULE 1 Flashcards
is the science that deals with the motion of liquids in relation to disciplines such as fluid mechanics and fluid dynamics.
HYDRAULICS
is the science that deals with the
occurrence, circulation and distribution of water of the earth and earth’s atmosphere.
it is concerned with the water in streams and lakes, rainfall and snowfall, snow and ice on the land and water occurring below the earth’s surface in the pores of the soil and rocks.
Hydrology
The most abundant substance on earth, the principal constituent of all living things, and a major force constantly shaping the surface of the earth.
Water
The planet earth is called as the
Water planet.
The earth’s ability to support life is facilitated by the existence of water in its three states, as it serves as a climate stabilizer by absorbing and releasing energy
during transitions between these phases.
WATER
the water transfer cycle, which
occurs continuously in nature.
This is a conceptual model of how water moves
around between the earth and atmosphere in
different states as a gas, liquid or solid.
Hydrologic Cycle
PHASES OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
Evaporation
Transpiration
Evapotranspiration
Precipitation
Infiltration
Runoff
the transfer of water from the surface of the earth to the atmosphere.
Evaporation
the process of water vapor being emitted by plant leaves.
Transpiration
the total evaporation.
Evapotranspiration
the result when tiny condensation particles grow too large.
Precipitation
the flow of water from the ground surface into the ground.
Infiltration
the quantity of water discharged in surface streams.
Runoff
the direct conversion from solid state to vapor state.
Sublimation
the primary form of atmospheric moisture.
Water Vapor
the transition process from the vapor state to the liquid state.
Condensation
the water cycle is in balance, and the amount of precipitation falling will slowly soak into the ground and eventually reach the rivers.
WATER BALANCE
The hydrological cycle is a good example-the total amount of water is the same, with virtually no water added to or lost from the cycle.
A CLOSED SYSTEM
Human activities have the potential to lead to
changes in this balance which will have knock on
impacts.
Paving, compacting soils, and altering the nature of
the vegetation (including deforestation).
HUMAN INPUTS
Air temperature, precipitation, soil moisture, and evapotranspiration are related through the balance of incoming and outgoing energy, in combination with water at the earth’s surface.
ENERGY AND WATER BALANCE
can be established for any of earth’s surface by calculating the total precipitation input and
the total of various outputs.
water balance
allows an examination of
the hydrologic cycle for any period of time.
water-balance approach
a method by which we can
account for the hydrologic cycle of a specific area,
with emphasis on plants and soil moisture.
water balance
defined by the general hydrologic equation, which is basically a statement of the law of conservation of mass as applied to the hydrologic cycle.
water balance
WATER BALANCE EQUATION
∆S = I – O
where:
I = inflow
O = outflow
∆S = change in storage
WATER BALANCE EQUATION
P − Q − E = dS/dt
where:
P = precipitation [mm/a-1]
Q = discharge [mm/a-1]
E = evaporation [mm/a-1]
dS/dt (∆S) = storage changes per time step [mm/a-1]
Water balances are usually calculated for a specific
area, which is called______________ (also called as drainage basin, discharge area, precipitation area, and watershed).
catchment area
defined as the area upstream from a certain point in the water course that contributes to flow when precipitation falls. The size of the catchment depends on where this point is located in the stream and its topography or altitude situation.
catchment
The area of the catchment is determined by the__________________
water divide
estimates the amount of water in each
component of the water cycle.
Water budget
WATER BUDGET COMPONENTS
*water inflow
- Precipitation
- Surface water flow into basin
- Imported water
- Ground water inflow
WATER BUDGET COMPONENTS
*Water Outflow
- Evaporation
- Evapotranspiration
- Surface water outflow
- Exported water
- Ground water outflow
WATER BUDGET COMPONENTS
*Change in Water Storage
- Snow pack
- Unsaturated soil zone
- Streams, rivers, reservoirs
- Aquifers
