module 1 Flashcards
oxygen containing functional groups
hydroxyl - ROH
carbonyl - R-C=O
carboxyl - R-COOH
ester - like a carboxyl but R group is connected to oxygen
sulfur functional groups
thiol - R-S-H
disulfide - R-S-S-R
thioester - similar to disulfide but C=O replaces S
nitrogen functional groups
amino - three H bonds connected to N and one R
amide -formed from reaction of amine and carboxylic acid
phosphorous functional groups
phosphate - P connected to three O atoms and one OH
phosphoesters - results from addition of phosphate group to OH group
phosphanhydrides - found in ATP, have large free energy of hydrolysis, formed by multiple phosphate groups
enol
tautomer of carbonyl groups
relative strength of attractive forces
weakest to strongest
LDF, dipole dipole, H-bond, Ion dipole, Ionic attractions
what accepts a hydrogen bond
lone pair of electronegative atoms
solubility -
tendency of a substance to dissolve in another substance that has similar polarity and participates in same types of attractive forces
Ka/ pKA relationship
low K = high pka
buffer function
resists changes in pH, contains a weak acid or weak base with its conjugate base or acid
buffering capacity vs buffering range
buffering capacity - amount of acid or base a buffer can neutralize
buffering range - pH range a buffer can neutralize
optimal pH is when HA = A- (ph = pKa)
favorable criteria for selecting a buffer:
suitable pKa, suitable ionic strength, no interference with RXN/assay, no precipitation due to presence of buffer
principal buffer in cells:
H2PO4/HPO42-
principal buffer In blood
H2CO3/ HCO3-
respiratory acidosis
hypoventilation results in not enough CO2 being expelled, causing equilibirum to shift right and produce more H3O and lower pH
respiratory alkalosis -
hyperventilation results in too much CO2 being exhaled, causing equilibrium to shift left, removing acid and raising the pH
treatments for metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis
alkalosis - ammonium chloride given to lower pH
acidosis - intravenous bicarbonate given to shift equilibrium left and raise pH
equivalence point of titration:
when moles of acid = moles of base
metabolic acidosis
occurs due to diabetes, pH has to be increased via intravenous bicarbonate, which will shift equilibrium left.
metabolic alkalosis
occurs due to vomiting, pH has to be lowered via ammonium chloride, which is a weak acid and will shift equilibrium right.
