module 1

Question 1

oxygen containing functional groups

Answer 1

hydroxyl - ROH

carbonyl - R-C=O

carboxyl - R-COOH

ester - like a carboxyl but R group is connected to oxygen

Question 2

sulfur functional groups

Answer 2

thiol - R-S-H

disulfide - R-S-S-R

thioester - similar to disulfide but C=O replaces S

Question 3

nitrogen functional groups

Answer 3

amino - three H bonds connected to N and one R

amide -formed from reaction of amine and carboxylic acid

Question 4

phosphorous functional groups

Answer 4

phosphate - P connected to three O atoms and one OH

phosphoesters - results from addition of phosphate group to OH group

phosphanhydrides - found in ATP, have large free energy of hydrolysis, formed by multiple phosphate groups

Question 5

enol

Answer 5

tautomer of carbonyl groups

Question 6

relative strength of attractive forces

Answer 6

weakest to strongest

LDF, dipole dipole, H-bond, Ion dipole, Ionic attractions

Question 7

what accepts a hydrogen bond

Answer 7

lone pair of electronegative atoms

Question 8

solubility -

Answer 8

tendency of a substance to dissolve in another substance that has similar polarity and participates in same types of attractive forces

Question 9

Ka/ pKA relationship

Answer 9

low K = high pka

Question 10

buffer function

Answer 10

resists changes in pH, contains a weak acid or weak base with its conjugate base or acid

Question 11

buffering capacity vs buffering range

Answer 11

buffering capacity - amount of acid or base a buffer can neutralize

buffering range - pH range a buffer can neutralize

optimal pH is when HA = A- (ph = pKa)

Question 12

favorable criteria for selecting a buffer:

Answer 12

suitable pKa, suitable ionic strength, no interference with RXN/assay, no precipitation due to presence of buffer

Question 13

principal buffer in cells:

Answer 13

H2PO4/HPO42-

Question 14

principal buffer In blood

Answer 14

H2CO3/ HCO3-

Question 15

respiratory acidosis

Answer 15

hypoventilation results in not enough CO2 being expelled, causing equilibirum to shift right and produce more H3O and lower pH

Question 16

respiratory alkalosis -

Answer 16

hyperventilation results in too much CO2 being exhaled, causing equilibrium to shift left, removing acid and raising the pH

Question 17

treatments for metabolic alkalosis and metabolic acidosis

Answer 17

alkalosis - ammonium chloride given to lower pH

acidosis - intravenous bicarbonate given to shift equilibrium left and raise pH

Question 18

equivalence point of titration:

Answer 18

when moles of acid = moles of base

Question 19

metabolic acidosis

Answer 19

occurs due to diabetes, pH has to be increased via intravenous bicarbonate, which will shift equilibrium left.

Question 20

metabolic alkalosis

Answer 20

occurs due to vomiting, pH has to be lowered via ammonium chloride, which is a weak acid and will shift equilibrium right.