lipids

Question 1

which lipids have no fatty acids

Answer 1

steroids/terpenes

Question 2

how do you name an 18 carbon fatty acid with a cis double bond at the 9 position

Answer 2

cis-9-octadecenoic acid

Question 3

omega nomenclature

Answer 3

start counting from carbon furthest from carbonyl bond

Question 4

foods with highest concentration of omega 3/omega 6

Answer 4

flax seed and soybean oil

Question 5

coconut oil vs olive oil

Answer 5

many sat fat vs many monosat fats

Question 6

waxes

Answer 6

have ester groups with long hydrocarbon chains, and one unsaturated chain, have external protective function

Question 7

triacylglycerols

Answer 7

found in most dietary fats/oils, carboxylic acid triesters of glycerol, 3 carbon trialcohol and fatty acids

hydrophobic

Question 8

lipases

Answer 8

hydrolyze ester linkages

Question 9

why are fatty acids useful for energy?

Answer 9

carbons are more reduced than in glucose, they have more carbons, and there is a limited storage of glucose in the body

Question 10

what is soap

Answer 10

salt of the fatty acid

Question 11

how are C=C bonds reduced

Answer 11

with H2, Pd, and Pt

Question 12

glycerophospholipids

Answer 12

glycerol triesters, contain phosphate dieter groups, control flow of molecules in and out of cells, hydrophilic head and hydrophobic tail

Question 13

how are phospholipids formed

Answer 13

binding of inositol, serine, ethanol amine, and choline to phosphates

Question 14

phosphatidylinositol 4,5 phosphate

Answer 14

also known as PIP2, important secondary messenger that causes a signal cascade

can be converted to PIP 3 and released in cytoplasm

Question 15

diphosphatidyl glyscerol

Answer 15

cardiolipin almost exclusive to inner mitochondrial membrane, composed of two phosphatides bound to two glycerols

Question 16

glycerolipids

Answer 16

divided into triacylglycerol and phospholipids

Question 17

sphingolipids

Answer 17

consist of a long carbon chain with a double bound, two hydroxyl groups and an amine

Question 18

types of sphingolipids

Answer 18

sphingosine - nothing attached to hydroxyl

ceramide- fatty acid attached to amine

sphingomyelin- phospho group attached to hydroxyl along with fatty acid attached to amine

Question 19

cerebroside

Answer 19

sugar attached to hydroxyl on sphingolipid

Question 20

ganglioside

Answer 20

multiple sugars attached to hydroxyl on sphingolipid

Question 21

L/S ratio

Answer 21

phosphatidyl choline/sphingomyelin present in amniotic fluid, a high ratio shows maturity of lungs in babies, if ratio is less than two, baby will have medical issues with respiration

Question 22

sterols

Answer 22

four ring carbon skeletons that differ by oxidation and saturation, can be hormones, cortisol, and aldosterone

Question 23

key characteristics of each steroid

Answer 23

testosterone: only OH present on 5 carbon ring
aldosterone: carbonyl bound to hydroxyl on 5C ring
cortisol: carbonyl bound to hydroxyl along with another hydroxyl on 5C ring
estrogen: OH present on first ring
progesterone: carbonyl on 5C carbon

Question 24

cholesterol characteristics

Answer 24

OH on first ring, no double bonds present on first ring, hydrophobic

found in high concentration in membranes

can fit into membranes to decrease or increase fluidity based on cellular conditions

Question 25

How Is vitamin D3 formed

Answer 25

synthesized from cholesterol in the body through oxidation and UV light

Question 26

prostaglandins vs leukotrienes

Answer 26

both function in blood clotting, but prostaglandins have a closed five member ring that leukotrienes don’t

Question 27

why are phospholipids best for forming membranes?

Answer 27

They are rectangular, with hydrophilic heads facing the aqueous environment, and hydrophobic tails facing the inside

Question 28

lipid bilayer properties

Answer 28

highly ordered and stable, but flexible

Question 29

fluid mosaic model

Answer 29

membrane is composed of lipids

Question 30

integral vs peripheral proteins

Answer 30

integral - permanently attached to the membrane
peripheral - can be found on the interior or exterior of the membrane

Question 31

how are peripheral proteins associated with the lipid bilayer?

Answer 31

prenylation (attaching hydrophobic molecules to proteins), Palmitoylation, myristoylation, glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor

Palmitoylation and myristoylation attach fatty acids

Question 32

what is found in high levels on the outer membrane

Answer 32

phosphatidyl choline/ sphingomyosin

Question 33

how does fatty acid composition relate to membrane fluidity?

Answer 33

longer more saturated fatty aids increase melting point while shorter more unsaturated fatty acids decrease melting point

Question 34

why are trans fats bad?

Answer 34

they decrease membrane fluidity

Question 35

passive transport

Answer 35

follows concentration gradient, can be simple or facilitated (protein guided)

Question 36

symport vs antiport

Answer 36

move molecules in the same direction vs move them in opposite directions

Question 37

Na+/K+ ATPase

Answer 37

pumps 3 Na+ out of cell and 2K+ into cell

conformational changes through phosphate hydrolysis allow for Na+ to leave and K+ to enter