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Biochemistry (Class) > lipid metabolism > Flashcards

lipid metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

adipocytes

A

white adipose cells that can increase their size dramatically

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2
Q

where are most fats stored

A

adipose tissue

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3
Q

brown fat

A

used to generate heat, high concentration of triacylglycerols found, have high content of mitochondria

decouples ETC from ATP synthesis
high amount found in babies

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4
Q

epinephrine signaling in lipolysis steps

A

epinephrine binds to g coupled receptor on cytosol, activating enzymes that convert ATP to cAMP, activating protein kinase A. Triacylglycerol lipase is activated, causing the cleavage of three fatty acids, ultimately forming glycerol that moves to the liver cells

Fatty acids are then oxidized in other tissues

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5
Q

Fate of glucose after lipolysis

A

it is phosphorylated to form glycerol 3 phosphate, which forms DHAP via glycerol phosphate oxidase and G3P dehydrogenase, which releases NADH and forms water as a byproduct.

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6
Q

albumin

A

protein in blood plasma that can deliver fatty acids to cells

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7
Q

ibuprofen

A

hydrophobic molecule delivered by albumin

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8
Q

B oxidation

A

breaks down fatty acid into acetyl CoA, primarily occurs in mitochondria

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9
Q

lipoproteins

A

also carry fatty acids

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10
Q

how is fatty acyl coA formed

A

acyl coa synthase forms fatty acyl CoA through a thioester bond using ATP

required two phosphates (2 ATP)

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11
Q

B oxidation in mitochondria

A

acyl carnitine formed to transport acyl from cytosol to mitochondria, because acyl coa can’t enter on its own

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12
Q

carnitine acyl carnitine transferase

A

anti port that transfers acyl carnitine in exchange for carnitine

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13
Q

carnitine Palmitoyl transferase 1/2

A

1 - cleave acyl to form acyl carinitine
2- cleaves acyl to form acetyl CoA

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14
Q

how many carbons are cleaved per cycle to form acetyl CoA?

A

2 carbons

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15
Q

B oxidation first step

A

acyl coa dehydrogenase forms FADH2 and trans enoyl CoA from Acyl CoA double bond formed

similar to succinate dehydrogenase

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16
Q

B oxidations second step

A

similar to fumarase, hydration by enoyl CoA hydrates forms OH on carbon 2, removing double bond, forming L -3 Hydrxyacyl CoA

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17
Q

B oxidation third step

A

Hydroxyaxyl CoA dehydrogenase forms NADH and 3 ketoacyl CoA turning OH on carbon 2 to carbonyl

oxidation reaction similar to Malate dehydrogenase

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18
Q

B oxidation fourth step

A

thiolase forms acyl CoA and acetyl CoA from 3 ketoacyl CoA,

Acetyl CoA moves on to the citric acid cycle

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19
Q

B oxidation fourth step

A

thiolase forms acyl CoA and acetyl CoA from 3 ketoacyl CoA,

Acetyl CoA moves on to the citric acid cycle

20
Q

how many acetyl CoA molecules are produced from a fatty acid

A

number of carbons/ 2

21
Q

How many total ATP produced by B oxidation

A

14

22
Q

How many ATP produced per Acetyl CoA

A

10

23
Q

how many rounds of B-Oxidation from a fatty acid

A

(number of carbons/2) -1

24
Q

How much ATP will a 16 carbon fatty acid produce

A

(8 acetyl CoA * 10 ATP) + (7 rounds * 4 ATP) - 2 ATP cost = 106 ATP

25
Q

how are monosaturated fatty acids cleaved?

A

Oleoyl CoA cleaves then fatty acid and the cis fatty acid is converted to trans by enoyl CoA isomerase The rest of the oxidation steps are the same.

26
Q

ketone bodies

A

produced from fatty acids in the liver in low glucose conditions and are converted to acetyl coA, include acetone, acetoacetic acid, and beta hydroxybutyric acid

27
Q

how does brain utilize ketone bodies

A

it has an enzyme that will convert ketone bodies to acetyl CoA

28
Q

What is true of diabetes patients?

A

They use fatty acids for energy, and as a result,

29
Q

ketone body/cholestrol biosynthesis

A

similar processes, isoprene pyrophosphate is a precursor for cholesterol formation.

30
Q

first step of ketone body biosynthesis

A

B ketothiolase joins two acetyl CoA to form acetoacyl coa

31
Q

second step of ketone body biosynthesis

A

HMG CoA synthase forms 3 hydroxy-3methylglutaryl CoA

32
Q

third step of ketone body biosynthesis

A

HMG-CoA lyase generates acetyl CoA and acetoacetate +isoprene pyrophosphate

33
Q

statin drugs

A

inhibit HMG-CoA Reductase and lower cholesterol, includes Lovastatin

34
Q

What happens after HMG CoA is converted to acetoacetate

A

it degrades to Acetone and CO2, it can also be converted to B-hydroxybutyrate

35
Q

Why can’t the liver utilize ketone bodies as a fuel source?

A

It doesn’t have the enzyme CoA-transferase

36
Q

how does ketoacidosis occur

A

due to the increase in concentration of ketone bodies due to glucose depletion and fatty acid breakdown, which results in accumulation of H3O+ due to rise in CO2 levels

37
Q

fatty acid synthesis

A

occurs due to overproduction of acetyl CoA when eating too many carbs, acetyl CoA joins to form fatty acids, which go in cycle with oxidation

38
Q

fatty acid synthesis vs fatty acid oxidation

A

oxidation happens in the mitochondria, synthesis occurs in the cytosol

39
Q

citrate lyase function

A

forms Acetyl CoA and oxaloacetate from citrate in high energy conditions

40
Q

formation of malonyl CoA in cytosol

A

uses ATP, catalyzed by acetyl CoA carboxylase, committed step in fatty acid synthesis

41
Q

how is malonyl coa converted to malonyl acp,

A

transacylase replaces CoA with ACP on acetyl-CoA and malonyl CoA

42
Q

how are acetyl and malonyl group combined in fatty acid synthesis?

A

3-ketoacyl ACP synthase catalyzes the reaction

43
Q

reduction of beta carbon ketone,

A

occurs in presence of NADPH to produce NADP+, requires 3 ketoacyl ACP reductase

44
Q

removal of water in fatty acid synthesis,

A

done by 3-hydroxyacyl ACP dehydrase, double bond is formed

45
Q

enoyl acp reductase,

A

reduces double bond in fatty acid synthesis, requires NADPH to form NADP+, fatty acid grows by 2 carbons in each cycle until 16 carbons are reached

46
Q

thioesterase,

A

releases palmitic acid at end of cycle

47
Q

where are fatty acids longer than 16 carbons made?

A

endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria

Biochemistry (Class) (7 decks)

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