Module 1

Question 1

Ejection Fraction

Answer 1

The % of blood within the ventricles that is emptied during systole.
Equation: Stroke Volume
___________
End Diastolic Volume

Question 2

What is the cardiac output EF % for HFrEF?

Question 3

What is the cardiac output EF % for HFpEF?

Answer 3

_> 50%

Question 4

Excretion

Answer 4

Regulate blood volume and composition through urine excretion.

Question 5

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS)

Answer 5

Raises blood pressure by constricting blood vessels and increasing the reabsorption of salt and water.

Question 6

Natriuretic Peptide System

Answer 6

Sodium and water balance, blood volume, and blood pressure are also regulated by the neurohormones of the natriuretic peptide system, which include ANP, BNP, and c-type natriuretic peptide (CNP).

Question 7

Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP)

Answer 7

• Synthesized by atria
• released triggered by stretch of atria.
• RAAS suppression and vasodilation.

Question 8

Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

Answer 8

• Synthesized by ventricles.
• released triggered by stretch of ventricles.
• RAAS suppression and vasodilation.

Question 9

Antidiuretics

Answer 9

Reduce fluid load

Question 10

ACE and ARB

Answer 10

Suppress angiotensin 2 formation or action.

Question 11

Beta- Blockers

Answer 11

Block sympathetic nervous system activation in the heart or vascular smooth muscle.

Question 12

Neprilysin Inhibitors

Answer 12

• Prevents the degradation of natriuretic peptides.

- Used to treat high blood pressure and HF.

Question 13

Natriuretic Peptides

Answer 13

Removes sodium from the blood and excretes it in urine.

Question 14

Does Aldosterone increase or decrease blood pressure?

Answer 14

Increase.

Question 15

Does Renin increase or decrease blood pressure?

Answer 15

Increase.

Question 16

Does Antidiuretic Hormone increase or decrease blood pressure?

Answer 16

Increase.

Question 17

Does Atrial Natriuretic Peptide increase or decrease blood pressure?

Answer 17

Decrease.