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Intro to Networking > Module 03 > Flashcards

Module 03 Flashcards

1
Q

A network connection made by a node or host on a network.

A

Interface

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2
Q

The Internet Protocol standard released in the 1980s and still commonly used on modern networks. It specifies 32-bit addresses composed of four octets.

A

IPv4 (Internet Protocol version 4)

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3
Q

One of 4 bytes that are separated by periods and together make up an IPv4 address.

A

Octets

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4
Q

A standard for IP addressing that is gradually replacing the current IPv4. Most notably, IPv6 uses a newer, more efficient header in its packets and allows for 128-bit source and destination IP addresses, which are usually written as eight blocks of hexadecimal numbers, such as 2001:0DB8:0B80:00 00:0000:00D3:9C5A:00CC.

A

IPv6 (Internet Protocol version 6)

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5
Q

A host name plus domain name that uniquely identifies a computer or location on a network.

A

FQDN (fully qualified domain name)

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6
Q

The last two parts of an FQDN, such as mycompany.com. Usually, a domain name is associated with the company’s name and its type of organization, such as a school or nonprofit organization.

A

Domain name

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7
Q

The first part of an FQDN, such as www or ftp, which identifies the individual computer on the network.

A

Host name

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8
Q

A nonprofit, U.S. government-funded group that was established at the University of Southern California and charged with managing IP address allocation and the Domain Name System. The oversight for many of IANA’s functions was given to ICANN in 1998; however, IANA continues to perform Internet addressing and Domain Name System administration.

A

IANA (Internet Assigned Numbers Authority)

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9
Q

The nonprofit corporation currently designated by the U.S. government to maintain and assign IP addresses.

A

ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers)

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10
Q

A 24-bit character sequence assigned by IEEE that appears at the beginning of a network interface’s physical address and identifies the NIC’s manufacturer.

A

OUI (Organizationally Unique Identifier)

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11
Q

A unique set of characters assigned to each NIC by its manufacturer. Also called device ID.

A

Extension identifier

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12
Q

A unique set of characters assigned to each NIC by its manufacturer. Also called extension identifier.

A

Device ID

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13
Q

A database configured manually or dynamically that in some cases stores a mapping of MAC addresses to switch ports and in other cases stores MAC addresses allowed on a network.

A

MAC address table

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14
Q

An IP address that is manually assigned to a device and remains constant until it is manually changed.

A

Static IP address

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15
Q

An IP address that is assigned to a device upon request and may change when the DHCP lease expires or is terminated.

A

Dynamic IP address

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16
Q

An application layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite that manages the dynamic distribution of IP addresses on a network.

A

DHCP (Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol)

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17
Q

The utility used to display and alter TCP/IP addressing and domain name information in the Windows client operating systems.

A

ipconfig

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18
Q

In IPv4 addressing, a 32-bit number that helps one computer find another by indicating what portion of an IP address is the network and subnet portion and what portion is the host portion.

A

Subnet mask

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19
Q

The portion of an IP address common to all nodes on the same network or subnet.

A

Network ID

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20
Q

The portion of an IP address that identifies the host on a network.

A

Host ID

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21
Q

The portion of an IP address that identifies the node on a network.

A

Node ID

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22
Q

A computer, router, or other device that a host uses to access another network. Gateways perform connectivity, session management, and data translation, so they must operate at multiple layers of the OSI model.

A

Gateway

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23
Q

The gateway device that nodes on the network turn to for access to the outside world.

A

Default gateway

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24
Q

A smaller network within a larger network in which all nodes share a network addressing component and a fixed amount of bandwidth.

A

Subnet

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25
An IP addressing convention that adheres to network class distinctions, in which the first 8 bits of a class A address, the first 16 bits of a class B address, and the first 24 bits of a class C address are used for network information.
Classful addressing
26
Transmissions in which one host sends messages to multiple hosts.
Multicast
27
An IP address that is valid for use on public networks, such as the Internet.
Public IP address
28
IP addresses that can be used on a private network but not on the Internet. IEEE recommends the following IP address ranges for private use: 10.0.0.0 through 10.255.255.255; 172.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255; and 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255.
Private IP address
29
IANA’s document that formally identified IP address ranges for private networks.
RFC1918 (Request for Comment 1918)
30
A message that is read by every node on a network.
Broadcast
31
Logically grouped network nodes that can communicate directly via broadcast transmissions. By default, switches and repeating devices, such as hubs, extend broadcast domains. Routers and other layer 3 devices separate broadcast domains.
Broadcast domain
32
An IP address reserved for communicating from a node to itself, used mostly for troubleshooting purposes.
Loopback address
33
A service available on Windows computers that automatically assigns the computer’s NIC a link local IPv4 address in the range of 169.254.0.1 through 169.254.255.254.
APIPA (Automatic Private IP Addressing)
34
An IP addressing convention that alters the rules of classful IPv4 addressing to create subnets in a network.
Classless addressing
35
The process of segmenting a network into smaller networks that requires calculations of IP address ranges within a larger IP address range.
Subnetting
36
A shorthand method for identifying network and host bits in an IP address.
CIDR (Classless Interdomain Routing) notation
37
The predefined range of addresses that can be leased to any network device on a particular segment.
DHCP scope
38
Specific configuration information, such as a time limit and a default gateway IP address, that is shared from a DHCP server along with an IP address assignment.
Scope options
39
A time limit on the validity of a DHCP-issued IP address.
Lease time
40
An IP address that is set aside by a DHCP server for a specific network client, which is identified by its MAC address. Also called IP reservation or DHCP reservation.
MAC reservation
41
An IP address that is set aside by a DHCP server for a specific network client, which is identified by its MAC address. Also called MAC reservation or DHCP reservation.
IP reservation
42
An IP address that is set aside by a DHCP server for a specific network client, which is identified by its MAC address. Also called MAC reservation or IP reservation.
DHCP reservation
43
A range of IP addresses within a defined DHCP scope that are excluded from the pool because they’re reserved for other devices.
Exclusion range
44
A technique in which IP addresses used on a private network are assigned a public IP address by a gateway when accessing a public network.
NAT (Network Address Translation)
45
A form of address translation that assigns a separate TCP port to each ongoing conversation, or session, between a local host and an Internet host.
PAT (Port Address Translation)
46
Any LAN (local area network) bounded by routers.
Link
47
Two or more nodes on the same link.
Neighbors
48
A type of network that supports both IPv4 and IPv6 traffic.
Dual stacked
49
The process of encapsulating one type of protocol in another. For example, tunneling is the way higher-layer data is transported over VPNs by layer 2 protocols.
Tunneling
50
The last 64 bits, or four blocks, of an IPv6 address that uniquely identify the interface on the local link.
Interface ID
51
A type of IPv6 address that represents a single node on a network.
Unicast address
52
An IPv6 address that can be routed on the Internet. These addresses are similar to public IPv4 addresses. Most global addresses begin with the prefix 2000::/3, although other prefixes are being released.
Global address
53
The 16 bits, or one block, in an IPv6 address that can be used to identify a subnet on a large corporate network.
Subnet ID
54
An IP address that is automatically assigned by an operating system to allow a node to communicate over its local subnet if a routable IP address is not available.
Link local address
55
A type of IPv6 address that represents multiple interfaces, often on multiple nodes.
Multicast address
56
A type of IPv6 address that represents a group of interfaces, any one of which (and usually the first available of which) can accept a transmission. At this time, anycast addresses are not designed to be assigned to hosts, such as servers or workstations, but rather to routers.
Anycast address
57
Traffic congestion on a network caused by a weakness in the way switches learn MAC addresses of network devices. To fix this problem, a switch that must handle multicast traffic should have IGMP snooping enabled on it, which allows the switch to detect IGMP (Internet Group Management Protocol) messages to add more accurate entries in its MAC address tables.
Multicast flooding
58
The process by which an IPv6 client collects the basic information required to configure its own IPv6 address on a network.
SLAAC (stateless address autoconfiguration)
59
The IEEE standard defining 64-bit physical addresses. In the EUI-64 scheme, the OUI portion of an address is 24 bits in length. A 40-bit extension identifier makes up the rest of the physical address, for a total of 64 bits.
EUI-64 (Extended Unique Identifier-64)
60
A message from a client to a router requesting network configuration information. RSSI (received
RS (router solicitation)
61
A message from a router in response to a client’s solicitation and provides DHCP information.
RA (router advertisement)
62
A standalone product or application embedded in another product, such as Windows Server, that provides a way to plan, deploy, and monitor a network’s IP address space.
IPAM (IP address management)
63
An instance of a running computer application or service.
Process
64
A logical address consisting of a host’s IP address and the port of an application running on the host with a colon separating the two values.
Socket
65
An ongoing conversation between two hosts.
Session
66
The TCP/IP ports numbered 0 to 1023, so named because they were long ago assigned by Internet authorities to popular services and are, therefore, well known and frequently used.
Well-known ports
67
The TCP/IP ports in the range of 1024 to 49,151. These ports can be used by network users and processes that are not considered standard processes. Default assignments of these ports must be registered with IANA.
Registered ports
68
A TCP/IP application layer protocol that is seldom used by humans. Network devices, such as routers and switches, commonly use it as they are booting up to request configuration files from a TFTP server on the local network. Unlike FTP, TFTP relies on UDP at the transport layer using port 69.
TFTP (Trivial File Transfer Protocol)
69
A simple application layer protocol in the TCP/IP suite used to synchronize the clocks of computers on a network. NTP depends on UDP for transport layer services.
NTP (Network Time Protocol)
70
A number that indicates an NTP (Network Time Protocol) server’s location within the NTP hierarchy relative to a stratum-1 server.
Stratum
71
A standard protocol for accessing network directories.
LDAP (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol)
72
A version of LDAP that uses SSL/TLS to encrypt its communications with network directories and clients.
LDAPS (Lightweight Directory Access Protocol over SSL)
73
A protocol for communications and resource access between systems, such as clients and servers.
SMB (Server Message Block)
74
A standard for generating, storing, and processing messages about events on a system.
Syslog (system log)
75
A standard used by Oracle Database to communicate with other Oracle Databases or with database clients.
SQLnet
76
An application layer addressing scheme that identifies where to find a particular resource on a network or across networks.
URL (uniform resource locator)
77
The last part of an FQDN and the highest-level category used to distinguish domain names—for example, .org, .com, and .net. A TLD is also known as the domain suffix.
TLD (top-level domain)
78
The process of discovering the IP address of a host when the FQDN is known.
Name resolution
79
The authority on computer names and their IP addresses for computers in their domains.
Authoritative name server
80
A portion of the DNS namespace for which one organization is assigned authority to manage.
DNS zone
81
The authoritative name server for an organization, which holds the authoritative DNS database for the organization’s zones. This server is contacted by clients, both local and over the Internet, to resolve DNS queries for the organization’s domains.
Primary DNS server
82
The backup authoritative name server for an organization.
Secondary DNS server
83
The process of updating a secondary DNS server with information from the primary DNS server’s database.
Zone transfer
84
A server that accesses public DNS data and caches the DNS information it collects.
Caching DNS server
85
An optional server that receives queries from local clients but doesn’t work to resolve the queries.
Forwarding DNS server
86
A DNS server maintained by ICANN and IANA that is an authority on how to contact the top-level domains, such as those ending with .com, .edu, .net, .us, and so on. ICANN oversees the operation of 13 clusters of root servers around the world.
Root DNS server
87
A DNS query that demands a resolution or the response that the information can’t be found.
Recursive lookup
88
A DNS query that does not demand a resolution, which means the server provides the information only if it already has that information available.
Iterative lookup
89
The element of a DNS database stored on a name server that contains information about TCP/IP host names and their addresses.
Resource records
90
A record in a DNS zone about that zone and the records within it.
SOA (start of authority) record
91
A type of DNS data record that maps the IPv4 address of an Internet-connected device to its domain name.
A (address) record
92
A DNS query that provides an FQDN and requests an IP address.
Forward lookup
93
A type of DNS data record that maps the IPv6 address of an Internet-connected device to its domain name. Pronounced “quad-A record.”
AAAA (address) record
94
A type of DNS data record that holds alternative names for a host.
CNAME (canonical name) record
95
The true name of a server, such as www.example.com, as opposed to one of many alias names a server might have, such as ns1.example.com.
Canonical name
96
A type of DNS data record that is used for reverse lookups, to provide a host name when the IP address is known.
PTR (pointer) record
97
A DNS query that provides an IP address and requests an FQDN. Also called rDNS (reverse DNS).
Reverse lookup
98
A DNS query that provides an IP address and requests an FQDN. Also called reverse lookup.
rDNS (reverse DNS)
99
A DNS lookup file that indicates the authoritative name server for a domain. It’s mostly used for delegating subdomains to other name servers.
NS (name server) record
100
A type of DNS data record that identifies a mail server and that is used for email traffic.
MX (mail exchanger) record
101
A type of DNS data record that identifies the hostname and port of a computer hosting a specific network service besides email, such as FTP or SIP.
SRV (service) record
102
A type of DNS data record that holds any type of free-form text. It might contain text designed to be read by humans regarding network, server, or accounting issues.
TXT (text) record
103
A field that indicates the maximum duration that an IPv4 packet can remain on the network before it is discarded, or a field in a DNS zone file that indicates how long the information can be considered valid in a DNS server’s cache.
TTL (Time to Live)
104
A TCP/IP troubleshooting utility that can verify TCP/IP is installed, bound to the NIC, configured correctly, and communicating with the network. Ping uses ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) to send echo request and echo reply messages.
ping (Packet Internet Groper)
105
A core protocol in the TCP/IP suite that notifies the sender when something has gone wrong in the transmission process and packets were not delivered.
ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol)
106
The utility used to display and alter TCP/IP addressing and domain name information in UNIX/Linux operating systems.
ip
107
A TCP/IP utility that allows a technician to query the DNS database from any computer on the network and find the host name of a network node by specifying its IP address, or vice versa. This ability is useful for verifying that a host is configured correctly and for troubleshooting DNS resolution problems.
nslookup (name space lookup)
108
A utility available on Linux and macOS that provides more detailed domain information than nslookup. Use dig to query DNS nameservers for information about host addresses and other DNS records.
dig (domain information groper)
109
A tool used to gather information about all devices connected to a network, including host names, manufacturer names, operating systems, IP addresses, MAC addresses, interfaces used, and open ports with running services.
IP scanner
110
A network problem caused by all available IP addresses being used up, and new clients cannot connect to the network.
DHCP scope exhaustion
111
The element of a DNS database stored on a name server that contains information about TCP/IP host names and their addresses.
Resource record

Intro to Networking (7 decks)

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