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Statistics > Module 0 > Flashcards

Module 0 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a Census?

A

A special sample that includes everyone and samples the entire population

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2
Q

What are the Cons to a Census?

A

Too expensive
Undercoverage
Too time consuming

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3
Q

What do people prefer to collect instead of a Census?

A

A sample

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4
Q

What are Statistics?

A

Summaries that are found from data in a sample

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5
Q

What are the two conclusions that a researcher can make with sample statistics?

A

Population Inferences

Causal (Cause and effect) Inferences

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6
Q

When are we allowed to make Population Inferences?

A

In statistics when we have random sampling

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7
Q

What does Randomization do?

A

Helps to eliminate the effect of unknown extraneous factors

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8
Q

What does Non-Random sampling lead to?

A

Biased results

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9
Q

What can we do with a non-random sample with Statistics?

A

The conclusions should be restricted to the sample and cannot be generalized to anyone else

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10
Q

What are the types of Random Sampling methods?

A

Simple Random Sampling (SRS)
Stratified Random Sampling
Systematic Random Sampling
Cluster Random Sampling

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11
Q

What is Simple Random Sampling?

A

SRS of each size n: each sample size n in the population has the same chance of being selected. E.x. Put all the names of the individuals in a population in a box and draw names to complete the sample

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12
Q

What is Sampling Variability?

A

Sample-to-Sample differences that occur in random sampling

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13
Q

What is Stratified Random Sampling?

A

The population is divided into different homogenous groups called Strata then simple random sampling is taken from each stratum. E.x. Dividing into provinces and then selecting some from each province

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14
Q

What is Systematic Random Sampling?

A

Starting from a randomly selected individual and selecting every Kth person. E.x. Standing at a booth and asking every 5th person that asks

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15
Q

What is Cluster Random Sampling?

A

Splitting the population into groups and then selecting one or a few groups and performing a census within each of them. E.x. A store owner who selects two departments out of all to get a statistics

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16
Q

What is Bias?

A

The tendency for a sample to differ from the corresponding sample in some systemic way

17
Q

What are the 4 sources of Bias?

A

Selection Bias (undercoverage)
Response Bias
Voluntary Response Bias
Non-Response Bias

18
Q

What is Selection Bias?

A

When some proportion of the population is not sampled or has a smaller representation than it has in the population
Ex. Inmates or people without addresses

19
Q

What is Response Bias?

A

Refers to anything in the survey design that influences responses
E.x. Respondents may lie especially if asked about illegal or unpopular behaviour

20
Q

What is Voluntary Response Bias?

A

Occurs when individuals can choose on their own weather to participate in the sample. E.x. An internet pill asking people how they feel about the healthcare system

21
Q

What is Nonresponse Bias?

A

Occurs when a large population of those sampled fail to respond
E.x. Telephone survey is conducted to observe the eating habits of office workers but those who are selected are randomly away on vacation

22
Q

When can we make Causal (cause and effect) Inferences?

A

When we have random allocation of the people to different conditions

23
Q

What are Lurking variables?

A

Variables that are related to both group membership and to the that could possibly explain the result

24
Q

What are the Study Designs?

A

Observation Studies

Randomized Experiment

25
Q

What is an Observational Study?

A

When investigators observe individuals and measure variables but do not attempt to influence the responses. E.x. Studying the impact of distance of home to power plant on cancer incidence. The researcher did not assign houses they simply observed the data

26
Q

What is a Retrospective Study?

A

A study that compares conditions after they have been unfolded

27
Q

What is a Prospective Study?

A

A study that compares conditions as they unfold

28
Q

What can be determined from Observational Studies?

A

Possible relationships but it is not possible for them to demonstrate Causal Relationships

29
Q

What can be determined from Randomized Experiments?

A

Causal (cause and effect) relationships

30
Q

What does a Randomized Experiment do?

A

Manipulates factor levels to create treatments
Randomly assigns subjects to treatments
Compares responses to treatments across groups

31
Q

What is Random Allocation?

A

Randomly assigning subjects to certain groups in an experiment

Statistics (7 decks)

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