Mods4 Flashcards
The ___________ _________ consists of bones, cartilage, and the membranes that line the bones.
skeletal system
Each bone is an organ that includes what?
nervous tissue
epithelial tissue
connective tissue
Bones have many functions, including the following:
support
protection
movement
mineral storage
blood cell production
energy storage
Bones provide a framework for the attachment of muscles and other tissues.
Support
Bones such as the skull and rib cage protect internal organs from injury.
Protection
Bones enable body _______ by acting as levers and points of attachment for muscles.
Movement
Bones serve as a reservoir for **calcium and phosphorus, **
Mineral storage
The production of blood cells, or hematopoiesis, occurs in the red marrow found within the cavities of certain bones.
Blood cell production
Lipids, such as fats, stored in adipose cells of the yellow marrow serve as an ______.
___________= energy reservoir
actual answer: energy storage
How many bones are there in the body?
206 bones
What are the 6 types of bones?
Long
Short
Flat
Irregular
Sesamoid(round bones)
Sutural
longer than they are wide; length of the bone, or shaft, widens at the extremities (ends)
Long
Give an example of long bone.
Humerus(arm)
Cubelike, about as long as they are wide
Short
Give an example of short bone.
Carpals(wrist)
thin or flattened
Flat
Give an example of flat bones.
frontal(skull)
parietal
ribs
have specific shapes, unlike the other types of bones.
Irregular
Give an example of irregular bones.
vertebrae(spinal chord)
facial bones
hip bones
The following two bone types are usually classified separately:
Sesamoid(round bones)
Sutural
found embedded within certain tendons
sesamoid(round bones)
Give an example of sesamoid bones
patella(kneecap)
occur between the sutures(joints) of the cranial bones of the skill
sutural
Give an example of sutural bone
wormian bones
The skeletal system contains two major types of connective tissue:
bone and cartilage
What are the types of bones? And how many are them?
2
Spongy and Compact
Porous bone in the end of the long bone
Spongy
Texture results from needlelike threads of bone called ______ surrounded by a network of open spaces.
Spongy
______= trabeculae
Found in ______ of bones
Spongy
______= epiphyses
Spaces contain red bone marrow
Spongy
Outer layer; hard and dense; appears solid to the naked eye
Compact
Structural unit is an ______ calcified matrix arranged in multiple layers or rings called concentric lamella.
Compact
_________= osteon
Bone cells are called ________ and are found inside spaces called _____ which are connected by tiny tubes called _____.
- osteocytes
- lacunae
- canaliculi
Both resembles and differs from bone.
Cartilage
Cell type called chondrocyte?
Cartilage
cartilage has what type of cell?
chondrocyte
matrix is gel-like and lacks blood vessels
cartilage
has the flexibility of a firm plastic rather than the rigidity of bone.
cartilage
What are the 6 main parts of long bone?
Diaphysis
Medullary cavity
Epiphyses
Articular cartilage
Periosteum
Endosteum
hollow tube made of hard, compact bone, hence rigid and strong structure…
Diaphysis
the hollow area inside the diaphysis of a bone
medullary cavity
contains soft yellow born marrow, an inactive fatty form of marrow
medullary cavity
the ends of the bone—-red marrow
epiphyses
a thin layer of cartilage covering each epiphysis
articular cartilage
functions like a small rubber cushion
articular cartilage
a strong fibrous membrane covering a long bone everywhere except at joint surfaces, where it is covered by articular cartilage
periosteum
contains blood vessels, nerves, and lymphatic vessels…
periosteum
a thin membrane that lines the medullary cavty
endosteum
In flat bones, the spongy bone tissue is encircled by a thin layer of compact bone tissue. The spongy bone tissue is called _____.
diploe
Bones are classified by their? (2)
Shape
– Structure
Wormian bones, are
small, flat, oddly
shaped bones found
between the flat bones
of the skull. They range
in size from a grain of
sand to a quarter. Their
borders are like pieces
of a jigsaw puzzle.
Sutural bones,
have
complex shapes with
short, flat, notched, or
ridged surfaces. The
vertebrae that form the
spinal column, the bones
of the pelvis, and several
bones in the skull are
examples of irregular bones.
Irregular bones
are
boxlike in
appearance.
Examples of short
bones include the
carpal bones (wrists)
and tarsal bones
(ankles).
Short bones
have thin, parallel surfaces. ______ form the roof of the skull, the sternum
(breastbone), the ribs, and the scapulae
(shoulder blades). They provide protection for
underlying soft tissues and offer an extensive
surface area for the attachment
of skeletal muscles.
Flat Bones
are relatively
long and slender. They are
located in the arm and
forearm, thigh and leg,
palms, soles, fingers, and
toes. The femur, the long
bone of the thigh, is the
largest and heaviest bone in
the body.
Long Bones
are
usually small, round, and
flat. They are found near
joints of the knees, hands,
and feet. Few people have
sesamoid bones at every
possible location, but
everyone has sesamoid
patellae (pa
-TEL
-ē;
the singular, patella, a small
shallow dish), or kneecaps.
Sesamoid bones
Wall of compact bone
* Central space called
medullary cavity
(marrow cavity)
Diaphysis
(wide part at
each end)
* Mostly spongy bone
(trabecular bone)
Epiphysis
Where diaphysis and epiphysis meet
metaphysis
– Consist of spongy bone between two layers of
compact bone (cortex)
– Within the cranium, the layer of spongy bone is called
the diploë
Structure of flat bones
– Dense, supportive connective tissue
– Contains specialized cells
– Solid extracellular matrix with collagen fibers
Bone tissue
– intercellular substance of the bone that forms
most of the mass of the bone – organic and
inorganic materials
– Calcium phosphate, Ca3(PO4)2 makes up
almost two-thirds of bone mass
– Matrix proteins - about one-third of bone mass is
collagen fibers
Bone matrix
Bone cell types(4)
Osteogenic cells
* Osteoblasts
* Osteocytes
* Osteoclasts
Make up only 2 percent of bone mass
Bone cells
- Mesenchymal cells that divide to produce osteoblasts
- Located in inner cellular layer of periosteum and in
endosteum - Assist in fracture repair
Osteogenic cells (osteoprogenitor cells)
- Immature cells that produce new bone matrix during
osteogenesis (ossification) - Osteoid—matrix produced by osteoblasts that has not yet
become calcified - Osteoblasts surrounded by bone matrix become osteocytes
Osteoblasts
- Mature bone cells that do not divide
- Two major functions
- Maintain protein and mineral content of matrix
- Help repair damaged bone
Osteocytes
– Absorb and remove bone matrix
– Large, multinucleate cells
– Secrete acids and protein-digesting enzymes
* Dissolve bone matrix and release stored minerals
Osteoclasts
insert sa compact bone naa sa ppt
please review and read sd sa ppt
