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Biology > Modes of reproduction > Flashcards

Modes of reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Define asexual reproduction

A

Asexual reproduction is the process resulting in the production of genetically identical offspring from one parent without the fusion of gametes

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2
Q

What are some disadvantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • No genetic variation in offspring, species cannot adapt to changing environment
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2
Q

What are some advantages of asexual reproduction

A
  • Only 1 parent required
  • Fusion of gametes not required
  • Relatively faster
  • All beneficial qualities passed onto offspring
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3
Q

What is the Cell Theory

A

The Cell Theory states that all news cells are derived from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division

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4
Q

Why does DNA replication take place

A

Ensures that the daughter cell receives the same amount of DNA as the parent cell

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5
Q

Define mitosis

A

Mitosis is a part of cell division which produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells so the chromosome number is maintained

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6
Q

Describe the process of mitosis

A

Prophase
- Chromatin condense, coil and shorten to form chromosomes

Metaphase
- Chromosomes line up at the equator of spindle

Anaphase
- Each centromere splits
- Spindle fibres pull chromatids apart to opposite poles of cell

Telophase
- Chromosomes decondense to form chromatin

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7
Q

Define cytokinesis

A

Cytokinesis is a process that occurs right after mitosis, where cytoplasm is divided to produce 2 completely separated daughter cells

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8
Q

Describe cytokinesis in animal cells

A
  • Cleavage or furrow appears between the 2 nuclei
  • Deepens until 2 separated daughter cells are formed
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9
Q

How is mitosis important in repair

A

Replace old cells and tissues lost by normal processes of wear and tear

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9
Q

Describe cytokinesis in plant cells

A
  • Cell plate forms by fusion of vesicles from Golgi apparatus
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10
Q

Why is mitosis important

A

Mitosis maintains the genetic stability of an organism by maintaining identical chromosomal numbers, exact genetic information and diploid set of chromosomes throughout generations

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11
Q

How is mitosis important in growth

A

Increase number of cells within organism

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12
Q

Define haploid cells

A

Haploid cells are cells that only have 1 set of chromosomes
(Gametes)

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12
Q

How is mitosis important in asexual reproduction

A

Allow for reproduction without the fusion of gametes

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13
Q

Why is the production of genetically identical cells important

A

New cells need to carry out the same function as old cells to be able to replace them properly

14
Q

Define diploid cells

A

Diploid cells are cells that have 2 sets of chromosomes
(Somatic body cells)

15
Q

Define homologous chromosomes

A

Homologous chromosomes are a pair of chromosomes that have identical structural features, with one chromosome inherited from each parent

16
Q

How are homologous chromosomes identical

A
  • Same length
  • Same size
  • Same shape
  • Same centromere position
17
Q

Define an allele

A

An allele is an alternative form of a gene which occupies the same location on a pair of homologous chromosomes

18
Q

Define meiosis

A

Meiosis is part of cell division that produces genetically dissimilar cells containing half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell, hence is used to form gametes

19
Q

Why is the chromosome number halved during meiosis

A

Homologous chromosomes are separated

20
Q

What is reduction division

A

Reduction division is when homologous chromosomes are split, resulting in the production of gamete cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell

21
Q

Why is meiosis important

A
  • Produces haploid gametes that are genetically dissimilar
22
Q

What does mitosis result in

A

2 genetically identical daughter cells with the same number of chromosomes as parent cell

23
Q

What does meiosis result in

A

4 genetically dissimilar daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as parent cell

24
Q

Where does mitosis occur

A

All somatic body cells

25
Q

Where does meiosis occur

A

Reproductive organs

Biology (20 decks)

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