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Biology > Human reproduction > Flashcards

Human reproduction Flashcards

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1
Q

Define sexual reproduction

A

Sexual reproduction is the fusion of the haploid nuclei of the male and female gametes to form a zygote, producing a new organism that is genetically distinct from its parents

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2
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the testes

A
  • Produces sperms
  • Produces testosterone
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3
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the epididymis

A
  • Stores inactive sperms from testes temporarily
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4
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the scrotum

A
  • Pouch like sac that holds the testes
  • Outside main body cavity to keep testes slightly below body temperature for optimal sperm development
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5
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the urethra

A
  • Provides common passage for discharge of semen and urine
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6
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the sperm duct

A
  • Carries sperms from testes to urethra
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7
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the prostate gland

A

Secretes fluid to:
- Activate and nourish sperms
- Neutralise acidity in female reproductive tract
- Provide medium for sperms to swim in

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8
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the sperm

A
  • Head has acrosome containing enzymes that break down egg membrane to allow sperm to enter egg
  • Middle piece contains many mitochondria to provide sperm with energy
  • Flagellum just exists
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9
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the ovary

A
  • Produces ovum
  • Produces progesterone and oestrogen
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10
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the oviduct

A
  • Site of fertilisation
  • Transports ovum to uterus using cilia
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11
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the uterus

A
  • Site of implantation
  • Offers protection and stable environment for embryo development
  • Muscular walls contract to expel fetus at birth
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12
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the cervix

A
  • Connects uterus to vagina
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13
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the vagina

A
  • Birth canal for fetus
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14
Q

Describe the structures and functions of the ovum

A
  • Surrounded by additional outer membrane and layers of follicle cells
  • Abundant cytoplasm contains small amount of yolk to provide nutrients for embryo
  • Spherical
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15
Q

What are the stages in the menstrual cycle

A

Menstruation
After menstruation
Ovulation
After ovulation

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16
Q

Describe menstruation

A
  • Low levels of oestrogen and progesterone cause uterine lining to break down and shed in the form of menstrual blood
17
Q

Describe after menstruation

A
  • Overy produces oestrogen
  • Oestrogen stimulates the repair and growth of uterine lining
  • Uterine lining becomes thick and spongy with blood vessels
18
Q

Describe ovulation

A
  • One of the 2 ovaries releases an ovum into the oviduct
19
Q

Describe after ovulation

A
  • Ovary produces progesterone
  • Progesterone stimulates uterus to maintain uterine lining by causing it to thicken further in preparation for implantation
  • Progesterone inhibits ovulation and further development of ovum
  • Oestrogen levels decrease
  • Progesterone levels decrease and uterine lining breaks down if ovum not fertilised
20
Q

Which is the ovulation day

A

Last day of cycle minus 14

21
Q

When is the fertile period

A

+ or - 3 days after ovulation day

22
Q

What happens after ovum is fertilised

A
  • Embryo secretes the human chorionic gonadotropin, which causes ovary to continue producing oestrogen and progesterone
23
Q

Describe fertilisation

A
  • Ovum released into ovary is surrounded by layers of follicle cells
  • Acrosome of sperm releases enzymes to disperse follicle cells and break down part of ovum membrane
  • Only 1 sperm can enter the ovum
  • Nucleus of haploid sperm fuses with nucleus of haploid ovum, forming a diploid zygote
  • Membrane of ovum changes the moment a sperm enters to prevent others from entering
24
Q

Describe implantation

A
  • Cilia lining the oviduct along with peristaltic contractions move the zygote along the oviduct towards uterus
  • Zygote divides by mitosis to form a hollow ball of cells called the embryo
  • Developing embryo moves down the uterus and embeds itself in the uterine lining
25
Q

Describe the development of placenta and amniotic sac

A
  • After implantation, chorionic villi grow from embryo into uterine lining
  • Villi and uterine lining in which villi are embedded in make up the placenta
  • Umbilical cord attaches embryo to placenta
  • A membrane called the amniotic sac develops around the same time, and it encloses the embryo in a fluid-filled space called amniotic cavity
  • Fluid is known as amniotic fluid
26
Q

What are the functions of the amniotic fluid

A
  • Absorb shock to support and cushion fetus before birth
  • Protects fetus from mechanical injury
  • Allows fetus a certain degree of movement
  • Lubricates vagina during birth
27
Q

What are the functions of the placenta

A
  • Allows oxygen and nutrients to diffuse from maternal blood to fetal blood
  • Allows metabolic waste products to diffuse from fetal blood to maternal blood
  • Allows protective antibodies to diffuse from maternal to fetal blood
  • Produces progesterone which maintains uterine lining in healthy state for pregnancy
28
Q

Explain how the placenta is adapted to its functions

A
  • Chorionic villi increase SA:V to increase rate of diffusion of substances between maternal and fetal blood
  • Chorionic villi surrounded by maternal blood supplied at low pressure, ensuring there is sufficient time for transfer of materials between maternal and fetal blood
  • Fetal blood capillaries separated from maternal blood by a thin layer of tissue, decreasing distance that substances need to diffuse over, increasing diffusion rate
29
Q

What are the functions of the umbilical cord

A
  • Contains 2 umbilical arteries that transport deoxygenated blood and metabolic waste products from fetus to the placenta
  • Contains 1 unbilical vein that transports oxygenated blood and nutrients towards fetus
30
Q

What is HIV

A
  • Human immunodeficiency disease
  • Destroys body’s immune system by destroying lymphocytes
  • Body not able to produce sufficient antibodies for protection
31
Q

How can HIV be transmitted

A
  • Blood transfusion
  • Sexual intercourse
  • Passed from mother to fetus

Biology (20 decks)

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