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Biology > Human circulatory system > Flashcards

Human circulatory system Flashcards

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1
Q

What does plasma play a role in transporting

A
  • Respiratory gases
  • Nutrients
  • Metabolic waste
  • Hormones
  • Heat
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2
Q

What are red blood cells also known as

A

Erythrocytes

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2
Q

What are the adaptations of red blood cells

A
  • Presence of haemoglobin allows oxygen to be transported around the body
  • Biconcave shape increases SA:V for faster rate of diffusion of gases
  • Absence of nucleus allows more haemoglobin to be packed in the cell, so more oxygen can be carried
  • Elastic so it can squeeze through blood vessels smaller than itself
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3
Q

How does plasma maintain homeostasis of body

A
  • Maintains optimum pH of blood using buffers
  • Maintains water potential of blood
  • Maintains temperature of blood
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4
Q

What are white blood cells also known as

A

Leucocytes

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4
Q

What are the 2 types of white blood cells

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Lymphocytes
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5
Q

What is the structure and function of phagocytes

A
  • Irregular shape
  • Lobed nucleus
  • Engulfs and ingests foreign particles like bacteria by phagocytosis
  • Phagocytes killed with bacteria forms pus
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6
Q

What is the structure and function of lymphocytes

A
  • Round
  • Large nucleus
  • Produce antibodies that neutralise toxin produced by bacteria
  • Produce antibodies that cause agglutination, where bacteria clump together and attract phagocytes to engulf and ingest clumped bacteria
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7
Q

What are platelets also known as

A

Thrombocytes

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8
Q

Describe the mechanism of blood clotting

A
  • When blood vessels are damaged, damaged tissue and platelets produce thrombokinase
  • Thrombokinase converts prothrombin to thrombin
  • Thrombin converts soluble fibrinogen into insoluble fibrin threads
  • Insoluble fibrin threads trap blood cells and the whole mass forms a scab or clot
  • Undamaged blood vessels contain heparin which is an anti-clotting substance
  • Released thrombokinase also neutralises heparin so clotting can occur
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9
Q

What antigens and antibodies does blood group O have

A
  • No antigens
  • Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies
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10
Q

What antigens and antibodies does blood group A have

A
  • Antigen A
  • Anti-B antibody
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11
Q

What antigens and antibodies does blood group B have

A
  • Antigen B
  • Anti-A antibody
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12
Q

Can A be donated to O

A

No

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12
Q

Can B be donated to AB

A

Yes

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13
Q

What antigens and antibodies does blood group AB have

A
  • Antigen A and Antigen B
  • No antibodies
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14
Q

Can AB be donated to B

A

No

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14
Q

Can O be donated to A

A

Yes

15
Q

Why is blood type O the universal donor

A
  • No antigens
  • Recipient’s antibodies would not cause agglutination of donor’s blood
16
Q

Why is blood type AB the universal acceptor

A
  • No antibodies
  • Donor’s antigens will not cause agglutination
17
Q

What is a transfusion

A

A transfusion is the transfer of whole blood or blood components into bloodstream of another person

18
Q

What is agglutination

A

Agglutination is the binding of antibodies in recipient’s plasma to antigens on donated red blood cells

19
Q

Why is agglutination dangerous

A
  • Red blood cells become cross-linked to another
  • Immune system ruptures the red blood cells
  • Released haemoglobin may cause kidney damage
20
Q

Why is the reaction between donor’s antibodies and recipient’s antigens not significant

A

Donor’s antibodies are diluted in recipient’s plasma

21
Q

Describe double circulation and its advantages in mammals

A

1) Double circulation completely separates oxygenated and deoxygenated blood
- Ensures that only oxygenated blood reach cells
- Ensures efficiency of oxygen transport

2) Blood goes through pulmonary circulation at low pressure
- Ensures that blood flows slowly through the lungs to allow for sufficient time for diffusion of gases

3) Blood goes through systemic circulation at high pressure
- Ensures that oxygenated blood can be transported quickly, maintaining high metabolic rate in mammals

22
Q

Where do arteries carry blood to

A

Away from heart

23
Q

Why does blood pressure fall along capillaries from arteriole end to venule end

A

Increase in total cross-sectional area

23
Q

Where do veins carry blood to

A

Towards heart

24
Q

What are the adaptations and functions of arteries

A
  • Thick, muscular arterial walls can withstand high pressure from contraction of ventricles, allowing blood to be transported quickly
  • Elastic tissue in arterial walls enables arteries to stretch and recoil under pressure, helping to push blood along in spurts
  • Muscular tissue in arterial walls allow for constriction and dilation to regulate volume of blood flow
25
Q

What are the adaptations and functions of capillaries

A
  • One-cell thick wall allows substances to diffuse through capillary walls quickly
  • Presence of intercellular clefts increase rate of diffusion of substances
  • Extensive network of capillaries around cells enables efficient exchange of materials
26
Q

What are the adaptations and functions of veins

A
  • Large lumen decreases resistance to blood flow, so blood can flow back to heart smoothly
  • Presence of semi-lunar valves prevent the backflow of blood under low blood pressure to ensure blood flows in one direction
27
Q

How do skeletal muscles help in blood flow

A
  • Skeletal muscles next to veins compress the veins when muscles contract
  • This helps push blood towards the heart and slows down blood flow
28
Q

Describe the transfer of materials between capillaries and tissue fluid

A
  • Tissue and cells are surrounded by tissue fluid, which fills intercellular spaces and acts as a medium for materials to diffuse between blood and cells
  • Nutrients present in blood diffuse through tissue fluid and into cells
  • Wate products diffuse through tissue fluid from cells into blood
29
Q

Describe atrial systole

A
  • Atria contract to force remaining blood through bicuspid or tricuspid valves into ventricles
29
Q

Describe blood flow from once it enters the heart to once it leaves the heart

A
  • From body, enters heart from vena cava and goes into right atrium
  • Goes to right ventricle after passing through tricuspid valves
  • Goes to pulmonary artery after passing through semi-lunar valves
  • Goes to lungs
  • From lungs, enters heart from pulmonary veins and goes into left atrium
  • Goes to left ventricle after passing through bicuspid valves
  • Goes to aorta after passing though semi-lunar valves
  • Goes to body
29
Q

Describe ventricular diastole

A
  • Ventricles relax, ventricular pressure decreases
  • Results in the backflow of blood from aorta or pulmonary artery
  • Blood flows backwards, forcing the semi-lunar valves shut, producing a ‘dub’ sound
  • Bicuspid or tricuspid valves open once ventricular pressure is lower than atrial pressure, allowing blood to flow into ventricles
30
Q

Describe atrial diastole

A
  • Occurs at same time as ventricular systole
  • Atria relax so blood from pulmonary veins or vena cava start filling up the atria
30
Q

Describe ventricular systole

A
  • Ventricles contract, ventricular pressure increases
  • Pressure pushes the bicuspid or tricuspid valves upwards and forcing them shut, producing a ‘lub’ sound
  • Semi-lunar valves open once ventricular pressure is higher than aortic pressure or pulmonary artery pressure
  • Blood enters aorta or pulmonary artery from ventricles
31
Q

Define blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is the force that blood exerts on the walls of blood vessels

32
Q

What is atherosclerosis

A

Atherosclerosis is a condition where cholesterol and fatty deposits accumulate on inner walls of coronary arteries

33
Q

What are coronary arteries

A

Arteries that branch out from the aorta to provide oxygen and nutrients to heart muscles

34
Q

What is angina

A

Chest pain or discomfort in region of heart that does not receive sufficient blood

34
Q

What factors increase the risk of getting a heart attack

A
  • Being a male
  • Family history
  • Age
  • Smoker
  • High intake of saturated fats, salt, alcohol, sugar
  • Lack of exercise
  • High blood pressure
35
Q

What are the treatment methods of coronary heart disease

A
  • Balloon angioplasty
  • Coronary artery bypass grafting

Biology (20 decks)

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