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Biology > Infectious diseases > Flashcards

Infectious diseases Flashcards

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1
Q

Define diseases

A

Diseases are conditions that cause the body to function less effectively

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2
Q

Define infectious diseases

A

Infectious diseases are caused by pathogens and can be transmitted from person to person

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3
Q

Describe viruses

A
  • Made up of genetic material surrounded by a protein coat called the capsid
  • Can only reproduce in living host cells
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3
Q

What are some ways that infectious diseases spread

A
  • Droplets in the air
  • Coming into contact with bodily fluidcoming
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4
Q

What are the characteristics of bacteria

A
  • Have cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, genetic material
  • No membrane-bound organelles
  • Genetic material consists of a circular chromosome containing a circular DNA strand
  • Cell wall made up of peptidoglycan
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5
Q

Define viruses

A

Viruses are biochemical parasites that take control of a host cell

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6
Q

Why do viruses challenge the cell theory

A
  • Viruses can cause many diseases and be spread among organisms
  • Cannot reproduce or carry out metabolic activities outside of host cell
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7
Q

What do antibiotics work on

A

Bacteria only

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8
Q

What do vaccines work on

A

Viruses only

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9
Q

What is pneumococcal disease

A

Caused by the Streptococcus pneumonia

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10
Q

How is influenza transmitted

A
  • Respiratory droplets from coughing or sneezing
  • Contact with contaminated surfaces
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11
Q

How to reduce transmission of influenza

A
  • Annual influenza vaccination
  • Practise good hygiene
  • Avoid crowded places
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11
Q

What are common symptoms of pneumococcal disease

A
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Vomiting
  • Chest pain
  • Rapid breathing
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12
Q

How is pneumococcus transmitted

A
  • Direct contact
  • Respiratory droplets
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13
Q

How to reduce transmission pneumococcus

A
  • Get pneumococcal vaccination
  • Practise good hygiene
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13
Q

Define antibiotics

A

Antibiotics are substances that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria

14
Q

How do antibiotics work

A
  • Inhibit synthesis of bacterial cell wall so bacteria bursts and dies when too much water enters
  • Breaks down cell membrane
  • Inhibit protein synthesis in ribosomes
  • Inhibit enzyme action in cytoplasm
14
Q

Why are antibiotics not effective on viruses

A
  • Cellular structures that antibiotics target in bacteria are not present in viruses
14
Q

What is antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria develop resistance to specific antibodies after being exposed to it

14
Q

How to prevent emergence of antibiotic resistant bacteria

A
  • Practise good hygiene
  • Take antibiotics as prescribed
  • Get timely vaccinations to prevent overuse of antibiotics
15
Q

How do bacteria acquire antibiotic resistance

A
  • When antibiotics are taken, most bacteria are killed
  • Antibiotic-resistance bacteria are more likely to survive
  • Antibiotic-resistance bacteria divide and increase in numbers
  • Higher bacteria percentage will be antibiotic-resistant
16
Q

What are superbugs

A

Superbugs are bacteria that are resistant to any types of antibiotics

17
Q

Define vaccination

A

Vaccination is used to induce the immune system to develop an acquired immunity to a specific disease using a vaccine

18
Q

Describe the immune response system

A
  • Primary immune response is when white blood cells become activated to produce antibodies
  • Secondary immune response is the next time the person is exposed to the vaccine
  • Level of antibodies produced has a sharp increase
  • Antibodies level begin to fall after some time
18
Q

What is a vaccine

A

A vaccine contains an agent that resembles a pathogen and prevents infectious diseases by stimulating white blood cells to quickly produce antibodies when pathogen invades

19
Q

How do vaccines work

A
  • Antigens trigger production of antibodies
  • When a vaccine which contains an agent that resembles a pathogen enters the body, white blood cells are stimulated to produce antibodies
  • Antibodies will then be ready to destroy actual pathogens

Biology (20 decks)

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