Modern Prejudice

Question 1

What are stereotypes?

Answer 1

These represent oversimplified generalisations of characteristics associated with a group of people and their members. this is related to cognition.

Question 2

What is prejudice?

Answer 2

This is an aversive or hostile attitude towards a person who belongs to a group, simply because of their belonging to that group. This is related to attitudes.

Question 3

What is discrimination?

Answer 3

Instances where people are denied equality and treated different because of their group membership/stigmatised status. This relates to behaviour.

Question 4

How can discrimination occur at different levels?

Answer 4

Institutional level - recognition of right eg. same sex and interracial marriage
Individual level - exclusion and rejection
Group level - in group favouritism and out group derogation

Question 5

What is in group favouritism?

Answer 5

Individuals tend to favour the in-group and its members. This is based on the us vs them process and is guided by positive distinctiveness process.

Question 6

What is out-group derogation?

Answer 6

This involved treating the outgroup badly with hostile behaviours. It is linked to the belief that the out group causes a threat to the in group.

Question 7

What is stigma?

Answer 7

The negative regard, inferior status, and relative powerlessness that society collectively accords to people who possess a particular characteristic or belong to a particular group or social category.

Question 8

What are the 5 components of stigma?

Answer 8

• Labelling
• Stereotypes
• Us vs them
• Status
• Discrimination

Question 9

What are the 3 beliefs underlying modern prejudice?

Answer 9

1. Denial of continuing discrimination
2. Antagonist towards stigmatised groups demands
3. Resentment about special favours

Question 10

What have measures changed from and to as a result of changing prejudice?

Answer 10

Modern racism scale to explicit vs implicit measures
Modern sexism scale to ambivalent sexism
Attitudes towards gay and lesbian women to modern homonegativity scale

Question 11

What did McConahay, 1983 show about racism?

Answer 11

Looking at job application of two people. In one condition (condition 1) a black face was shown first and they were asked to rate them on suitability for job and in the second condition a whiteface was shown first and then the black face (condition 2). In participants who scored high on modern racism, in condition 1 showed a bias and rated the candidate low, whereas in the second condition they were aware of the prejudice and did not want to seem racist so would rate them the same.

Question 12

What is overt sexism?

Answer 12

Apparent, easily documented prejudice

Question 13

What is subtle sexism?

Answer 13

Difficult to perceive events as sexist

Question 14

What is covert sexism?

Answer 14

Unnoticeable and clandestine and hidden prejudice

Question 15

What are some examples of hostile sexism?

Answer 15

• women seek to gain power by getting control over men.
• when women lose to a man in a fair competition, they typically complain about being discriminated against
• most women interpret innocent remarks as being sexism

Question 16

What are some examples of benevolent sexism?

Answer 16

Women need men/they just compliment men and are not whole on their own.

Question 17

What did Jost and Kay’s study 2005 show us?

Answer 17

Men reported higher system justifications than women, but women reported higher system justification beliefs when the report was exhibiting benevolent sexism as it seemed to benefit them.

Question 18

What is system justification?

Answer 18

A scale that measures how people justify the system thy are in ie. you don’t see the need to change the system as you perceive it to be equal

Question 19

What is the modern homonegativity scale and examples of how people high on the scale would talk?

Answer 19

This is a way that we made the attitudes towards gay men and lesbian women scale fit into modern culture. Examples of some of the terms are:

• GL use their sexual orientation to obtain special privileges
• celebrations such as gay pride are ridiculous as they assume that an individuals sexual orientation is something they should be proud of.

Question 20

What did Buechel and Hegarty find about sexual prejudice?

Answer 20

They showed participants individuals who were either straight couples, or heterosexual couples being romantic explicitly or discretely and measured which couples they preferred in relation to their MHS rating. It was found that individuals high on MHS preferred discreet over explicit couples but this was not the same for heterosexual couples.

Question 21

What are some examples of subtle forms of prejudice?

Answer 21

People automatically and often unconsciously categorize people and make judgments of others depending on how they speak

Question 22

What did Swim et al do to measure different types of prejudice people experience?

Answer 22

Over a two week period they got participants to describe the gender related incident and explain how prejudiced the event was and who was the target. Also, how they felt after the episode.

Question 23

What did Swim et al find?

Answer 23

Every day racism - staring, verbal comments, bad service, interpersonal offences, 58% anger
Everyday sexism - mostly verbal comments, very few behaviours, 75% anger, depression, anxiety and self-esteem
Everyday sexual prejudice - verbal comments, behaviours (exclusion, poor service), anger, depression, anxiety, self esteem, negative private evaluation of LGB identity

Question 24

What is stress?

Answer 24

Physical, mental, or emotional pressure, strain, or tension

Question 25

What are social stressors?

Answer 25

Events or conditions that require that the individual adapt to new situations

Question 26

What is stigma as a social stressor?

Answer 26

Stress that leads up to a mental health problem in people who belong to stigmatised minority groups.

Question 27

How does the process model of social stigma and its consequences work?

Answer 27

Prepetration using prejudice and discrimination etc leads to negative experiences everyday that then requires a response. The response can either be meaning making or using coping strategies and this ends in either a positive or negative outcome. Positive outcomes are where there is social creativity or change as a result of the perpetration. Negative outcomes are where there is poor health, performance, and relationships.

Question 28

What are negative outcomes of social stigmas?

Answer 28

• alienation
• lack of integration
• low self acceptance
• depressive symptoms
• suicide ideation
• substance abuse
• general well being

Question 29

What did Frost and Fingerhut find about the relationship between mass media and the affect of those in same sex relationships?

Answer 29

Exposure to negative same sex marriage messages lead to increase in negative affect, decrease in positive affect, decrease of relational well being.

Question 30

What di Frost’s study on minority stress and BREXIT find?

Answer 30

Migrants leaving in areas that voted leave experienced more stigma which triggered more anxiety and more severe GAD symptoms over time.

Question 31

What are approaching strategies for dealing with discrimination?

Answer 31

• confronting the offender
• engagement in fighting inequality
• try to restructure and redefine groups dynamics

Question 32

What are avoidance strategies for dealing with discrimination?

Answer 32

• avoid interactions
• ignore the issue
• try to forget
• try to hide the group membership