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Social Psychology with Research Methods > Collective Action and Social Change > Flashcards

Collective Action and Social Change Flashcards

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1
Q

What is social change?

A

This refers to the ways in which a society develops over time to replace beliefs, attitudes, and behaviour with new norms and expectations.

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2
Q

What is relative deprivation?

A

Runciman, 1966 - Perception of having less than oneself or ingroup should have.

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3
Q

What is distributive injustice?

A

Perception of having less than one is entitled to.

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4
Q

What is procedural injustice?

A

Tyler and Lind, 1992 - Perception of being a victim of unfair laws and procedures.

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5
Q

What is violation of important moral standards?

A

Van Zomeren, Potmes, Spears, & Bettache 2011 - when our moral standards are violated.

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6
Q

What is collective action?

A

Becker, 2012 - Any action that promotes the interests of one’s in-group or is conducted in political solidarity.

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7
Q

What is normative collective action?

A

CA that conforms to the norms of the existing social system. For example:

  • Strikes
  • Sit-ins
  • Everyday activism
  • Signing a petition
  • Protests and demonstrationd
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8
Q

What is non-normative collective action?

A

CA that violates the norms of the existing social system. For example:

  • riots
  • vandalism
  • terrorism
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9
Q

What is the social identity model of collective action?

A

Van Zomeren, Potmes, Spears, 2008 - The group members of an ingroup seek to find negative aspects of an outgroup, thus enhancing self image. There is an interaction between injustice, efficacy, and identification to produce collective action.

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10
Q

What did Bernburg, 2015 find out about why people engage in CA?

A

The likelihood of protests is positively related to economic loss. This therefore shows the link between injustice and CA.

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11
Q

What is an example of identification leading to CA?

A

Steurner and Simon, 2009 - identification with a formal social movement organisation predicted participation in collective action.

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12
Q

What is an example of the role of efficacy with regards to partaking in CA?

A

Martin, Brickman & Murray, 1984 - colletive actions are strongest when there is a belief that a difference can be made.

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13
Q

What other factors encourage people towards collective action?

A

Morality and emotions play a part.

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14
Q

What did Cohen-Chen find in studying the relation between emotions and CA?

A

Group efficacy induced collective action intentions only when hope was high.

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15
Q

How do emotions affect normative collective action?

A

Injustice and identification cause anger which leads to CA.

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16
Q

How do emotions affect non-normative collective action?

A

Injustice creates contempt which causes non normative collective action.

17
Q

What is political solidarity?

A

Becker, 2012 - We feel that we have moral obligation to partake in collective action.

18
Q

What are barriers to collective action?

A

Socio-strucutal barriers - eg. favourable political structure

Psychological barriers:

  • Perceived stability and legitimacy of social arrangements
  • individual upward mobility
  • social creativity eg. saying we may be poor but are better off than those unemployed
  • alternative affective loyalties eg. being friends with the advantaged group
19
Q

What are different forms of contact between groups?

A
  • Equal status contact - eg. equal members of a team
  • Co-operative interaction - eg. working together on a group project
  • common goals - eg. members of a sports team
  • Support of authorities - eg. laws supporting desegregation and equality

These types of contact can reduce prejudice between majority and minority groups (pettigrew and tropp, 2006).

20
Q

How does intergroup contact reduce prejudice?

A

It changes the perception of the outgroup which reduces affective and cognitive forms of prejudice.

21
Q

What are the 4 different types of intergroup contact?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Computer-Mediated Contact
  • Extended Contact
  • Imagined Contact
22
Q

What increase positive attitudes about the outgroup as studied by Herek and Capitanio?

A

Contact, increased numbet of relationships with the outgroup, the closeness of the relationships, and disclosure of them (eg. talking about your friendship with someone from a different group to you).

23
Q

What are the pros of direct contact being used to reduce prejudice?

A
  • Uses personal experience
  • Emotions and beliefs experienced as an active participant
  • Potential link to other personal contacts
  • Can be communicated to others
24
Q

What are the cons of direct contact being used to reduce prejudice?

A
  • It has to be a positive contact to induce prejudice reactions
  • It is not always possible
25
Q

What did schumann, Klein, Douglas and Hewstone find about reducing prejudice using computer mediated contact?

A

They found that annonymity reduced social presence which increased prejudice. Whereas regular CMC reduced negative out group sentiments.

26
Q

What is extended contact?

A

This is where individuals see an in group member interacting with an out-group member. There is no actual experience of contact necessary.

27
Q

What are pros of extended contact?

A
  • It can increase contact through mass media
  • It can have an effect on a much larger group of people
  • Through social learning it can change norms
  • Allows for future contact
28
Q

What are the cons of extended contact?

A
  • Is less strong of an effect
  • works better if the in-group member who has contact with an out-group member is a close relation.
  • is subject to individual differences
29
Q

What is imagined contact (as defined by Crisp and Turner)?

A

Mental stimulation of a social interaction with a member of members of the outgroup.

30
Q

What are the pros of imagined contact?

A
  • Possible to use in conflict situation and where difficulties for contact occur
  • No need for an actual encounter
  • Potentially show that there is no reason for negative expectations
31
Q

What are the cons of imagined contact?

A
  • Need engagement in the simulation
  • Not a long lasting effect
  • Less powerful than direct contact and extended contact
32
Q

How is breaking prejudice similar to breaking a habit?

A
  • Awareness of implicit bias
  • Concerns about the effects of a bias
  • Strategies to decrease the bias
33
Q

What is the elaborative social identity model?

A

Anonymity in groups leads to higher group identity which leads to higher conformity to group norms.

34
Q

What are the dynamics of protest?

A
  1. Begin with a heterogeneous gathering with only a minority of extremists.
  2. Perceived as homogeneously dangerous by police and treated as such
  3. Radicalisation of protesters.

Social Psychology with Research Methods (8 decks)

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