Communication and language biases Flashcards
What is interpersonal communication?
When someone communicates to a group of people
What is communication accommodation theory?
When people interact hey adjust their speech, vocal patterns, and gestures to accommodate others.
What is convergence in terms of Giles et al accommodation theory?
Assimilaton/adaption to the interlocutor.
- usually among in-group members
- to get approval and be positively evaluated
- convergence towards individuals of higher status
What is over-accommodation in terms of Giles et al accommodation theory?
An extreme form of convergence that is negatively perceived.
- sensory over-accommodation - verbal and physical behaviour that is deemed patronising
- dependency over-accommodation - one of the speakers is made dependent from the other
- Intergroup over-accommodation - use of stereotypes about group to guide interaction
What is divergence in terms of Giles et al accommodation theory?
Highlighting linguistic differences
- Distinctiveness aim
- Positive evaluation of in-group
What is hate speech?
This calls attention to and manipulates social differences.
- Describes the in group in positive terms and the outgroup in negative dehumanising terms
- Describes the out group as posing a threat to the in group
- Describes the target group as part of a stigmatised/minority group
- emphasizes stereotypes
- describes negative attitudes and promotes violence
- facilitates relationships between members
What is a linguistic bias?
A systematic asymmetry in word choice that reflects social-category cognitions that are applied to the described group or individuals.
What are the 8 forms of linguistic biases?
- Labelling
- Linguistic explanatory bias
- Linguistic consistency bias
- Linguistic category bias
- Linguistic intergroup bias
- Negation bias
- Irony bias
- Gender language bias
What are labelling biases?
Bias that affect social cognition and perception of groups
Foroni & Rothbart - labelling increases similarities of the same group, especially when labels are strong
What are stereotype consistency and explanatory bias?
Types of information we communicate
Which biases come under the umbrella of how we formulate information?
- Negation bias
- Irony bias
- Gender language bias
- Linguistic Inter-group bias
- Linguistic category bias
What is derogatory labelling?
Highly emotionally charged terms that in a single word convey a negative representation and strong negative attitudes towards the individuals or group
What did Kashima 2014 find out about stereotype consistency bias?
People are more likely to report information about individuals or a group that are consistent with the stereotype. This is because the stereotypical information is grounded in culture and therefore such meanings are mutually understood and accepted. Serial reproduction chain is an example of this.
What did Hastie 1984 say about stereotypic explanatory bias?
People tend to produce more explanation for stereotype inconsistent behaviour to make sense of the unexpected behaviour and maintain shared knowledge otherwise known as stereotypes. Eg. if you know someone to be intelligent from high IQ but they get a bad score on the exam you say it was a hard exam to explain behaviour to fit with stereotype of them being smart.
What does linguistic intergroup bias show?
Members of the ingroup will define negative behaviours of the ingroup in a concrete way but members of the outgroup displaying negative behaviour is abstract (more defining of the person). Whereas when talking about positive behaviours they will define the outgroups behaviours as concrete and members of the ingroups behaviour as abstract and more defining. Maas et al study showed this when comparing northern and southern Italy and friendly behaviours.
