Modern Period Flashcards

1
Q

1900-PRESENT: what crime are common?

A
  • CYBER CRIME (change)
  • MURDER (continuity)
  • PETTY THEFT (continuity)
  • HATE CRIME (change)
  • TERRORISM (change)
  • CAR THEFT (change)
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2
Q

1900-PRESENT: what punishments are common?

A
  • FINES (continuity)
  • PRISON (continuity)
  • OPEN PRISON (change)
  • TAGGING (change)
  • ASBO (change)

FOCUS ON REFORM

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3
Q

1900-PRESENT: how did police numbers and organisation of the force change?

A

BEFORE

  • all forces ran differently
  • Little co-operation between forces

NOW

  • 43 local forces instead of 200
  • Trained specialist officers
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4
Q

1900-PRESENT: how did training and recruitment change in policing?

A

BEFORE

  • Military drill
  • All male officers
  • Low quality and poorly paid officers

NOW

  • 14 weeks training
  • 28% are women
  • Specialist training
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5
Q

1900-PRESENT: how did transport change in policing?

A

BEFORE

  • walked a beat of up to 20 miles a day

NOW

  • Cars and motorbikes
  • Foot and bike patrols to build community relations
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6
Q

1900-PRESENT: how did equipment change in policing?

A

BEFORE

  • A whistle to call for help
  • Wooden truncheons
  • Pistols locked up for emergencies

NOW

  • Batons and pepper spray
  • Specialist officers
  • Some can carry firearms
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7
Q

1900-PRESENT: how did crime detection change in policing?

A

BEFORE

  • Eyes and ears of the officer
  • Witness statements

NOW

  • CCTV and number plate recognition
  • 999 emergency number
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8
Q

1900-PRESENT: how has record keeping changed in policing?

A

BEFORE

  • was poor and there was no national record

NOW

  • Police national computer
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9
Q

1900-PRESENT: how have the main duties of officers changed in policing?

A

BEFORE

  • Dealing with crime and drunkenness

NOW

  • Law breaking, missing persons, keeping order etc.
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10
Q

1900-PRESENT: how has society changed in the c20th?

A
  • Britain developed into a MULTICULTURAL and EQUAL society
  • As ATTITUDES CHANGED laws were needed to ensure that all people were treated fairly so…

–> things were DECRIMINALISED e.g. 1977- male homosexuality over 21 2005- severe sentences for hate crime 1967- decriminalised abortion

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11
Q

1900-PRESENT: what crimes were new?

A

RACE CRIME

  • 1968 race relations act
  • 2005 criminal justice act
  • 2006 race and religious hatred act
  • Gave more power to the courts to give a harsher sentence

DRUG CRIME

  • 1971 misuse of drugs act
  • Taking/supplying = illegal
  • controversial
  • Some argue that it is a personal choice but some ague that it is wrong

DRIVING OFFENCES

  • New due to increased numbers of cars
  • technological advances
  • driving under the influence and speeding
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12
Q

1900-PRESENT: what were the major changes in policing?

A
  • Mostly about PREVENTION as well as catching criminals
  • MOTORISED TRANSPORT means crimes can be reached FASTER but it also means there are FEWER officers ON THE STREETS
  • There are now ARMED OFFICERS who look like soldiers which NOT EVERYONE LIKES
  • The modern force includes WOMEN and ETHNIC MINORITIES
  • In 2002 PCSO’S were introduced to prevent crime in the community
  • Advances in SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY have had an impact on crime prevention and prosecution
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13
Q

1900-PRESENT: what are the aims of the neighbourhood watch?

A
  • REDUCE FEAR of crime by increasing COMMUNITY INVOLVEMENT
  • HELP police PREVENT crime
  • REPORT crime TRENDS to the police
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14
Q

1900-PRESENT: what was the neighbour hood watch?

A
  • A form of COMMUNITY POLICING
  • it was set up by THATCHER and the Tory government as they wanted to INCREASE the ROLE of the INDIVIDUAL and REDUCE the role of the GOVERNMENT
  • This concept was VOLUNTARY and was taken from the USA was believed to be effective in TACKLING CRIME
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15
Q

1900-PRESENT: what are the positive views on the neighbourhood watch?

A
  • Encourages people to take an ACTIVE PART in making the community SAFER
  • The police RELY on local cooperation and they CAN’T POLICE EFFECTIVELY with the SUPPORT of the COMMUNITY
  • Makes people FEEL SAFER and less vulnerable
  • Works well for tackling issues such as anti-social behaviour
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16
Q

1900-PRESENT: what are the negative views on the neighbourhood watch?

A
  • Most groups are in WEALTHIER AREAS that don’t have a high crime rate when they are NEEDED ELSEWHERE
  • It is a government excuse to UNDER FUND the police service and it relies on volunteers doing the POLICES JOB
  • Members tend to be OLDER PEOPLE who want to be NOSY and don’t REPRESENT the whole community
17
Q

1900-PRESENT: what led to the abolition of the death penalty?

A
  • By 1965 many wanted the deal penalty abolished
  • Britain in the 1960’s was a LABOUR GOVERNMENT –> there was a focus on a MODERN DYNAMIC GOV
  • The 1960’s was an ERA OF CHANGE particularly in ATTITRUDES –> this was clear in legislation
  • People talked of a ‘PERMISSIVE SOCIETY’
18
Q

1900-PRESENT: what are reasons FOR the death penalty?

A
  • a DETERRENT
  • The idea of a LIFE FOR A LIFE –> RETRIBUTION
  • Get rid of those who CAN’T BE REFORMED
  • CHEAPER than prison
  • They have no chance to kill again
19
Q

1900-PRESENT: what are reasons AGAINST the death penalty?

A
  • There could be a MISCARRIAGE OF JUSTICE
  • INHUMANE
  • IRREVERSIBLE
  • Executioners GUILT
  • Murder is often SPONTANEOUS so there isn’t a DETERRENT
  • Other countries abolished it and there was NO MAJOR CHANGE IN THE CRIME RATE
20
Q

1900-PRESENT: What are reasons for the abolition of the death penalty?

A
  • Changes in ATTITUDES
  • POLITICAL influences
  • WORLD WARS changed attitudes towards death
  • Changing attitudes towards the PURPOSE OF PUNISHMENT
  • In 1957 HANGING was ABOLISHED for most crimes
  • MANY CHANGES WERE INFLUENCED BY THE 1948 DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND HIGH PROFILE CASES*
21
Q

1900-PRESENT: what happened with Derek Bentley?

A
  • He was HANGED for the MURDER of a POLICEMAN
  • He was with another boy who actually shot the policeman
  • CRAIG was asked to hand over the gun when Bentley shouted LET HIM HAVE IT –> this was seen as ENCOURAGEMENT BUT
  • Bentley had severe LEARNING DIFFICULTIES and struggled to make friends because of it.
  • His phrase could have been interpreted in two ways
  • He had INCREDIBLY LOW INTELLIGENCE and POOR UNDERSTANDING
22
Q

1900-PRESENT: How was Derek Bentley punished?

A
  • The jury asked for MERCY
  • Craig was TOO YOUNG to get the death penalty but BOTH were charged with murder
  • There was PUBLIC OUTCRY and the sentence rested with the HOME SECRETARY. –> 200 Mp’s asked for LENIENCY but he still got the death penalty
23
Q

1900-PRESENT: what were the consequences of Derek Bentley’s case?

A
  • It was seen as a MISCARRIAGE OF JUSTICE
  • It impacted ATTITUDES towards the death penalty
  • He was eventually given a POSTHUMOUS PARDON after a very LONG CAMPAIGN
  • It made the law look CRUEL and capital punishment IMMORAL
24
Q

1900-PRESENT: how did crime change?

A
  • There was BETTER STANDARDS OF LIVING and the welfare state provides a SAFETY NET BUT
  • the DIVISION between rich and poor is growing
  • Although absolute poverty declined many people FEEL POOR compared to the wealthy
25
Q

1900-PRESENT: how does the way crime is recorded affect the figures?

A

Recorded crime has increased rapidly

  • more people are WILLING to report
  • More people report for INSURANCE PURPOSES
  • Crime is recorded MORE CONSISTENTLY
26
Q

1900-PRESENT: how has smuggling changed?

A
  • People now smuggle legal products, PEOPLE and DRUGS rather than brandy, tea and cloth like in the past
  • People STILL smuggle to AVOID duty TAX, big PROFIT and public DEMAND
  • Smugglers now smuggle by AIR as well as LAND AND SEA like in the PAST
27
Q

1900-PRESENT: what were conscientious objectors?

A

People who REFUSED to take part in CONFLICT for MORAL REASONS

  • They were known as conchies

1914 - soldiers were VOLUNTEERS

1916 - CONSCRIPTION was introduced

28
Q

1900-PRESENT: why were some men conscientious objectors?

A
  • Most had RELIGIOUS objections
  • Some had POLITICAL objections –> they thought that the ruling classes of Europe were arguing and getting ordinary people killed
  • about 16,000 men were CO’s
  • They were frequently accused of COWARDICE
29
Q

1900-PRESENT: what did CO’s have to do to be able to not fight and how were they punished?

A
  • They had to appear in front of a LOCAL TRIBUNAL run by EX-MILITARY men to state their case
  • Some CO’s agreed to HELP THE WAR EFFORT by working in England in WAR-RELATED JOBS or non-fighting roles on the front line
  • Some did REFUSE and were IMPRISONED and put in SOLITARY CONFINEMENT, HARD LABOUR and a LONG SENTENCE (73 died in prison)
  • ALL CO’s were STRIPPED of their RIGHT TO VOTE until 1926
30
Q

1900-PRESENT: how was world war 2 different for conscientious objectors?

A

1939 - CONSCRIPTION introduced

59,000 people registered as CO’s

There were NO EX-MILITARY on the TRIBUNAL

  • There was more of an EFFORT to find ALTERNATIVE WORK
  • FEW were sent to PRISON
  • They were ATTACKED in the MEDIA and many were SACKED from their jobs
31
Q

1900-PRESENT: how did prisons change?

A

1900 - 1933 –> prisons became LESS HARSH

  • The belief that CRIMINALITY was INHERITED declined and people thought that crime was due to POVERTY
  • Prisons were intended to HELP prisoners with better TREATMENT and EDUCATION
32
Q

1900-PRESENT: what were key dates around the prison system?

A

1902 - abolition of hard labour

1922 - Solitary confinement, arrow prison uniforms and the convict crop abolished. Living conditions improved and more visitors and teachers were employed to prepare for work

1933 - The first open prison –> rules are more relaxed, prisoners could leave for work and return which prepares inmates for outside life

33
Q

1900-PRESENT: why did the prison population grow?

A
  • The FEAR of crime ROSE and there was more PRESSURE on politicians to be ‘TOUGH ON CRIME’
  • LENGTH of SENTENCES INCREASED as a result
  • There was an increased likelihood of crimes being related to sexual, drug and violent offences
  • Number of people on REMAND increased
34
Q

1900-PRESENT: what happened with under staffing and over crowding in prisons?

A
  • over crowding peaked in the 1980’s
  • There was an increase in the number of SERIOUS ASSAULTS in prison
  • A record number of deaths in custody (2014)
  • Decline in purposeful activities
35
Q

1900-PRESENT: does prison work?

A
  • There are HIGH RATES of REOFFENDING
  • Young prisoners LEARN FROM OLDER CRIMINALS
  • Some develop drug habits
  • Hugely EXPENSIVE for the government and family
  • Doesn’t deal with issues THAT MADE the individual commit the crime
36
Q

1900-PRESENT: what are the key dates in non-custodial alternatives?

A

1907 - introduction of PROBATION

1914 - Longer to pay fines

1962 - Abolition of ‘birching’ (beating with a stick)

1967 - Introduction of parole and suspended sentences

1972 - community service

1990’s - electronic tagging

37
Q

1900-PRESENT:how has the way young offenders are treated changed?

A

C20TH

–> Harsh attitudes and treated as adults

C21ST

–> Belief children were developing could change behaviour

38
Q

1900-PRESENT: what are the key dates regarding young offenders?

A

1902 - BORSTALS introduced –> like boarding schools

1932 - APPROVED SCHOOLS for u18’s, trained in life skills. They were PHASED OUT in 1959 because of RIOTS and BUNKING

1948 - ATTENDANCE CENTRES for 10-21’s. Had COMPULSORY sessions doing BASIC LITERACY and NUMERACY as well as life skills. Now used for 18-24’s with a focus on IMPACT ON BEHAVIOUR

1982 - YOUTH DETENTION CENTRES replaced Borstals. Had military drill to add a shock factor but re-offending still increased.

39
Q

1900-PRESENT: how were youth re-offending rates managed?

A

YOUTH COURTS

  • work with agencies to prevent young people becoming established criminals

PARENTAL SENTENCING

  • parents fined for not controlling children who can be removed and placed in care

CUSTODY

  • a last resort. Secure children’s homes are used instead of detention centres where possible

ATTENDANCE CENTRES

  • a last resort before young offenders institutions

NON-CUSTODIAL

  • tagging and curfews as well as counselling to find the root of the crime