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History : C+P > Early Modern Period > Flashcards

Early Modern Period Flashcards

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1
Q

How long is the early modern period?

A

1500 (c16th) - 1700 (c18th)

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2
Q

What crimes were common in the early modern period?

A
  • VAGABONDAGE (change)
  • WITCH CRAFT (change)
  • HERESY (change)
  • TREASON (change)
  • PETTY THEFT (continuity)
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3
Q

What methods of policing were common in the early modern period?

A
  • HUE AND CRY (continuity)
  • SHERIFF (continuity)
  • CONSTABLES (continuity)
  • CORONER (continuity)
  • WATCHMEN (change)
  • REWARDS (change)
  • THIEF TAKERS (change)
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4
Q

what were common punishments in the early modern?

A
  • EXECUTION (continuity) –> increased
  • HANGING, DRAWING AND QUARTERING (change)
  • FINES (continuity)
  • STOCKS (continuity)
  • DROWNING (change)
  • DUCKING STOOLS (change)
  • HOUSES OF CORRECTION (change)
  • TRANSPORTATION (change) - to America
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5
Q

what changes to the law were there in the early modern period?

A
  • NO EXILE IN SANCTUARY
    –> Henry 6th
  • SERIOUS CRIME = NO BENEFIT OF THE CLERGY
    –> Edward 6th
  • HAEBIUS CORPUS
    –> everyone arrested had to go to court or be
    released
  • CHURCH COURTS = ONLY MORAL CRIMES
    –> 1576
  • NO SANCTUARY
    –> 1623
  • BLOODY CODE
    –> 1688 - 1825
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6
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did printing as a social change affect C+P?

A

c15th

  • There were more pamphlets which were read aloud and they were often on crime.
  • This made people more aware of crime so increased fear of crime
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7
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did religion as a social change affect C+P?

A

Caused by Henry 8th –> the reformation and the break with Rome

  • Lots of changes led to unrest and confusion so people accused each other of being the devil which led to increased belief in the supernatural
  • This made people believe in witches
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8
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did political changes as a social change affect C+P?

A
  • The ENGLISH CIVIL WAR and the execution of Charles 1st

- led to insecurity and fear

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9
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did landowners attitudes as a social change affect C+P?

A
  • The rich were threatened by the poor and suspicious of them
  • Due to their wealth they had a lot of influence so were able to
    force laws which defended them
  • this led to a recognition of poaching and made it a crime
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10
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did economic changes as a social change affect C+P?

A

England was becoming wealthier but the majority stayed poor.

  • If there was bad trade that led to unemployment

and a rise in food prices which made the poor vulnerable

  • This made poaching more common and increased theft of food
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11
Q

What were key dates in the early modern period?

A

1476 - the PRINTING PRESS

1534 - Henry 8th BREAKS WITH ROME and closes monasteries

1558 - Elizabeth 1st makes England protestant

1605 - GUN POWDER PLOT

1649 - Charles 1st beheaded for LOSING THE ENGLISH CIVIL WAR

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12
Q

EARLY MODERN: why did the crime rate probably increase?

A

In the 1500’s/ early 1600’s because the fear of crime increased even though the actual crime rate dropped by the late c17th

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13
Q

EARLY MODERN: when was the gun powder plot?

A

5th November 1605

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14
Q

EARLY MODERN: what were the key stages of the gun powder plot?

A
  1. Robert CATESBY decided to BLOW UP PARLIAMENT to kill the king (protestant James 1st)
  2. Guy FAWKES filled a CELLAR with GUNPOWDER
  3. An ANONYMOUS letter was sent to LORD MONTEAGLE telling him not to go to parliament
  4. Monteagle took the letter to Robert CECIL who was the KING’S MINISTER
  5. The VAULTS were SEARCHED and FAWKES was ARRESTED and tortured until he SIGNED A CONFESSION
  6. The rest of the plotters were found and HANGED, DRAWN AND QUARTERED
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15
Q

EARLY MODERN: what was the background to the gunpowder plot?

A
  • There were lots of laws against Catholics
    • -> fines for not attending CofE church services
    • -> Imprisonment for taking part in catholic services
    • -> catholic priests trying to convert others were found guilty of TREASON
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16
Q

EARLY MODERN: what was the reformation?

A
  • reform in religion

- It started with MARTIN LUTHER who attacked the CORRUPTION OF THE POPE and the CHURCH which led to PROTESTANTS

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17
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did the Tudors change religion (Henry 8th)?

A

HENRY 8TH (1509 - 1547)

  • A CATHOLIC –> he broke with Rome so he could get a DIVORCE
  • he created the OATH OF SUPREMACY –> recognised him as him as HEAD OF THE CHURCH
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18
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did the Tudors change religion (Edward)?

A

EDWARD 6TH (1547 - 1553)

  • A PROTESTANT
  • He CONTINUED THE SPLIT and created laws requiring SPECIFIC WORSHIP
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19
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did the Tudors change religion (Mary)?

A

MARY 1ST (1553 - 1558)

  • A CATHOLIC
  • Ordered the EXECUTION of 300 PROTESTANTS and BURNT all HERETICS
20
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did the Tudors change religion (Elizabeth I)?

A

ELIZABETH 1ST (1558 - 1603)

  • A PROTESTANT
  • Catholics were FINED –> to FRIGHTEN rather than enforce
  • The POPE declared she WASN’T THE RIGHTFUL LEADER and ENCOURAGED UPRISINGS –> so became a POLITICAL THREAT (affected her position)
  • 1558 –> all CATHOLIC PRIESTS were HANGED, DRAWN AND QUARTERED
21
Q

EARLY MODERN: what was vagabondage?

A
  • A homeless, wandering beggar

1500’s –> INCREASED POPULATION = UNEMPLOYMENT = MOVEMENT

By the end of c16th there was a difference between the DESERVING + UNDESERVING POOR

22
Q

EARLY MODERN: What laws were there against vagabondage?

A

EARLY C16TH

1531 - vagabonds were WHIPPED and returned to BIRTHPLACE

1547 - 1st offence = 2 YEARS SLAVERY , 2nd offence = SLAVE FOR LIFE / DEATH

1547-1550 act REPEALED for being TOO HARSH and the 1531 act REINTRODUCED

LATE C16TH

1572 - 1st offence = WHIPPING and BURNT ear

2nd offence = EXECUTION

1576 - HOUSES OF CORRECTION introduced in every county

1593 - The 1572 act was REPEALED an the 1531 act REINTRODUCED

1598 - WHIPPED and sent HOME or HOUSE OF CORRECTION, EXILE or EXECUTION

MAIN THING TO REMEMBER IS THAT IT IS BASICALLY ALWAYS THE 1531 ACT

23
Q

EARLY MODERN: what are houses of correction?

A

prison where vagabonds were sent and whipped and made to work then sent home –> designed to give people a work ethic

24
Q

EARLY MODERN: what were reasons for punishment?

A
  • INCREASED MOVEMENT –> went to find work, made COMMUNITY POLICING INEFFECTIVE
  • PAMPHLETS –> showed DANGERS OF VAGRANTS which fuelled fears
  • RELIGION –> ‘devil makes work for idle hands’
  • POVERTY –> people didn’t want to help those not genuinely poor and didn’t want to pay more poor rates
  • FEAR OF CRIME –> people didn’t know each other which made policing difficult
  • BAD HARVEST IN 1590’S –> led to POVERTY and UNEMPLOYMENT
25
Q

EARLY MODERN: what were key point in time regarding witches?

A

1542 - WITCHCRAFT ACT = DEATH penalty

1563 - ACT against CONJURATIONS: witchcraft is tried in COMMON COURTS and DEATH

penalty issued if HARM AGAINST A PERSON was proved. STOCKS for CHARMS and MAGIC

1604 - WITCHCRAFT AND CONJURATIONS act: DEATH for anyone summoning evil spirits

1642 - start of the ENGLISH CIVIL WAR. PURITANS won –> they were interested in MORAL behaviour and preventing SIN

1660 - THE RESTORATION: Charles 2nd INVITED TO BE KING. He set up the ROYAL SOCIETY FOR SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH. The ENLIGHTENMENT became popular which focused on REASON AND LOGIC

1717 - LAST TRIAL for witchcraft in Britain

1736 - Law stating witchcraft AS A CRIME IS REPEALED

26
Q

EARLY MODERN: what is an explanation for the attitudes towards witches?

A
  • JAMES 1ST was an enthusiastic WITCH HUNTER and wrote a books on his ideas called DEMONOLOGIE
  • The ROLES OF WOMEN were restricted and those that DIDN’T MEET EXPECTATIONS were viewed with suspicion
  • The RELIGIOUS CHANGES that took place with the Tudors meant that beliefs were being TRANSFORMED and heightened talk of the DEVIL scared people
  • The ENGLISH CIVIL WARS led to DISRUPTION AND UNCERTAINTY
  • Women were seen as SUSCEPTIBLE TO TEMPTATIONS OF THE DEVIL
27
Q

EARLY MODERN: who was Matthew Hopkins?

A
  • a failed lawyer
  • then became a WITCH HUNTER
  • He began looking for them in EAST ANGLIA
  • He TORTURED his suspects (illegal) –> he kept them standing and forced them to walk until their feet blistered
  • The HUMILIATION caused FALSE CONFESSIONS
  • This led to towns SUMMONING HOPKINS –> the accused were usually already UNPOPULAR
  • He earned MORE IN A YEAR than people did in a lifetime
28
Q

EARLY MODERN: what proof is there that Hopkins was the main reason for the witch hunt of 1645-47

A
  • His action MADE people BELIEVE/ BE SCARED of witches
  • He SPARKED the idea that a witch hunter was a GOOD JOB
  • He started in 1645
  • People APPROVED of his hunts
  • He got CONFESSIONS
  • SUCCESS of his trials led to MORE SUCCESS
  • of the 36 suspects only 1 was ACQUITTED
29
Q

EARLY MODERN: what were key features of witch hunts?

A
  • FORCED CONFESSIONS–> they were EXPECTED to reveal more witches
  • INTERROGATION METHODS = unethical
  • The ‘SWIM’ test
  • TORTURE
  • DEVIL MARKS
  • Hunts to find EXPLANATIONS for BAD THINGS
  • VULNERABLE AND OLD people were targeted
  • Accusations were made by ORDINARY PEOPLE
30
Q

EARLY MODERN: what were the enclosure laws?

A
  • The FENCING OFF of land to make it PRIVATELY OWNED
  • The POOR lost RIGHTS AND PRIVILEGES as the rich tried to PROTECT THEIR LAND –> they viewed the poor with SUSPICION
  • The rich did it to graze sheep for HIGH PROFIT or to keep the poor OFF THEIR LAND to landscape it and make it more ATTRACTIVE
  • They made it HARD for the poor to SURVIVE and added to the MOVEMENT out of villages and INTO TOWNS
  • the 1671 GAMES ACT: made it illegal to HUNT OR FISH on enclosed land
31
Q

EARLY MODERN: why did the rich like the enclosure laws?

A
  • They protected their wealth and property
  • They wanted the laws upheld by HARSH PUNISHMENT but it was seen as a SOCIAL CRIME (people disagreed with the law so would break it and TURNED A BLIND EYE) –> led to POACHING GANGS being formed
32
Q

EARLY MODERN: why was smuggling on the rise?

A
  • The government introduced IMPORT TAX
  • Britain began to TRADE MORE in the c17th as the BRITISH EMPIRE expanded
  • Smugglers made HUGE PROFITS ans more people paid because it was CHEAPER
  • Peoples READINESS to buy smuggled goods made LAW ENFORCEMENT HARD
33
Q

EARLY MODERN: how did the Hue and cry change?

A
  • it was STILL USED
  • LESS EFFECTIVE in towns
  • People were becoming ANONYMOUS
  • it was the SAME METHOD
34
Q

EARLY MODERN: how were parish constables used?

A
  • MAIN defence
  • NO weapons or uniforms
  • MINOR offences
  • had few extra duties which REFLECTED CHANGE IN THE LAW
35
Q

EARLY MODERN: how were watchmen and sergeants used?

A
  • PATROLLED
  • you could GET AWAY WITH a lot
  • used in LARGER TOWNS
  • they were a NEW introduction
  • INEFFECTIVE
  • POORLY paid
36
Q

EARLY MODERN: how were citizens used in law enforcement?

A
  • They were EXPECTED to DEAL with crime

- Like the MIDDLE AGES

37
Q

EARLY MODERN: how were rewards used in law enforcement?

A
  • RARE in the MIDDLE AGES
  • SERIOUS crimes
  • they were VERY HIGH
  • Equivalent to a YEARS INCOME
38
Q

EARLY MODERN: how were justices of the peace used in law enforcement?

A
  • usually a LANDOWNER
  • ASSISTED by a CONSTABLE
  • Introduced during the MIDDLE AGES but now

USED MORE

  • they were key in the TUDOR TIMES
39
Q

EARLY MODERN: how were courts used in law enforcement?

A
  • RELIED on LOCAL JURIES
  • had to MAKE IT MORE EFFICIENT to deal with the POPULATION
  • they were kept MOSTLY THE SAME
  • COUNTY ASSIZES were new
  • ROYAL JUDGES ENDED
40
Q

EARLY MODERN: how was benefit of the clergy used in law enforcement?

A
  • LESS EFFECTIVE
  • NOT for SERIOUS crimes
  • MANY CHANGES made
41
Q

EARLY MODERN: how was sanctuary used in law enforcement?

A
  • JAMES 1ST ABOLISHED sanctuary

- EXILE in sanctuary was ABOLISHED by HENRY 8TH

42
Q

EARLY MODERN: how was Habeas corpus used in law enforcement?

A
  • 1679
  • The GOVERNMENT still MADE UP EVIDENCE
  • a NEW introduction
  • you couldn’t be locked away WITHOUT TRIAL
  • it DIDN’T PROTECT from FALSE CLAIMS
  • had to either STAND TRIAL OR BE RELEASED
43
Q

EARLY MODERN: what changes to punishment were there from the middle ages?

A

CONTINUED:

  • Fines
  • Pillories and stocks
  • Corporal punishment

( focus on deterrent)

CHANGES:

  • Hanging (increased)
  • Burning (new, heresy)
  • Transportation to America (most crimes from c17th)

( focus on retribution and deterrent)

44
Q

EARLY MODERN: what was the bloody code?

A
  • The crimes PUNISHABLE BY DEATH
  • HARSH ATTITUDES to law making
  • 1688 –> 50 CAPITAL CRIMES even poaching fish
  • Ended 1825
45
Q

EARLY MODERN: why did the bloody code develop?

A
  • There was an INCREASE IN REPORTED CRIME and alot of FEARS OF THE RISING CRIME RATE
  • More people EXPERIENCED crime
  • PRISONS were NOT WIDELY USED and there were TOO MANY PEOPLE for them
  • TRADITIONAL VALUES
  • INCREASED MOVEMENT
  • WEALTHY LANDOWNERS
46
Q

EARLY MODERN: why was transportation to America used?

A
  • It started in the 1660’s
  • You go t 7 YEARS for LESS SERIOUS CRIMES and 14 YEARS FOR SERIOUS CRIMES
  • They would have to do MANUAL LABOUR and received NO MONEY after the punishment so they COULDN’T AFFORD TO GO HOME
  • It was used INSTEAD OF THE DEATH PENALTY
47
Q

EARLY MODERN: why did the authorities like transportation?

A
  • It STRENGTHENED COLONIES
  • Got RID of criminals
  • REDUCED the amount of EXECUTIONS
  • They found people to do the work without having to PAY A SALARY
  • It DIDN’T TAKE UP PRISON SPACE

History : C+P (6 decks)

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