Modern Medicine (1900-Present) Flashcards
1
Q
Who was Paul Ehrlich?
A
Paul Ehrlich was a German doctor who joined Robert Koch’s research team in 1890.
He was fascinated by the way that the body produced antibodies (white blood cells) to fight off infectiom.
2
Q
Why did Paul Ehrlich call white blood cells ‘magic bullets’?
A
Ehrlich called them ‘magic bullets’ because they targeted germs but did not kill other cells in the body
3
Q
In 1889, what did Paul Ehrlich set out to find?
A
In 1889, Paul Ehrlich set out to find chemicals that could act as synthetic antibodies.
4
Q
What bacterium was identified in 1905?
A
In 1905, the bacterium that causes the sexually transmitted disease syphilis was identified.
5
Q
Ehrlich discovered dyes. What could these dyes do?
A
Ehrlich discovered dyes that could kill the malaria and sleeping sickness germs.
6
Q
What did Ehrlich and his team try to search for? What did they hope it would do?
A
Ehrlich and his team decided to search for an arsenic compound that was a magic bullet for syphilis.
They hoped it would target the bacteria without poisoning the rest of the body.
7
Q
How many magic bullet compounds did Ehrlich and his team try?
A
Over 600 compounds were tried, but none seemed to work.
8
Q
Who joined Ehrlich’s team in 1909, what did he discover?
A
In 1909, Sahachiro Hata joined the team.
He retested the compounds and saw that compound number 606 actually appeared to work. Ehrlich called the new drug Salvarson 606.
9
Q
When was Salvarson 606 first used on a human?
A
Salvarson 606 was first used on a human in 1911
10
Q
In 1912, what did surgeon James McDonagh publish? What did it say about Salvarson 606?
A
In 1912, surgeon James McDonagh published a book about it, highlighting the immunity some may develop towards Salvarsan 606 and the effects on the body.
11
Q
Why were some doctors not keen to use Salvarson 606?
A
Some doctors were not keen to use the new drug; it was not very soluble and was difficult and painful to inject into veins.
Some doctors believed that people would become promiscuous now that they knew syphilis could be cured.
Despite Ehrlich’s rigorous testing, there were many doctors who didn’t like the idea of giving their patient arsenic, in any form.
12
Q
What did Gerhard Domagk discover in 1932?
A
Gerhard Domagk discovered that a red dye called prontosil, killed some blood poisoning germs in mice.
13
Q
Who did Gerhard Domagk test Prontosil on? What happened?
A
In 1935, Domagk tested it on his own daughter when she pricked herself on an infected needle. Prontosil cured her.
14
Q
What was the problem with sulphonamides?
A
Sulphonamides could still only kill a narrow range of germs.
15
Q
Serious side-effects of sulphonamide drugs were discovered. What were the side effects?
A
Sulphonamide drugs can damage the liver and kidneys.
16
Q
What did Alexander Fleming see many soldiers die from? When?
A
Alexander Fleming saw many soldiers die of septic wounds eased by staphylococcal bacteria when he was working in an army hospital during the First World War.
17
Q
Searching for a cure for staphylococcal bacteria, what did Fleming find in 1922? What was the problem with it?
A
Searching for a cure, he identified the antiseptic substance in tears, lysozyme, in 1922 - but this only worked on some germs.
18
Q
Describe how Fleming discovered penicillin
A
1) One day in 1928 he came to clean up some old culture dishes on which he had been growing staphylococci for his experiments.
By chance, a fungal spore had landed and grown on one of the dishes.
2) What caught Fleming’s eye was that the colonies of staphylococci around the mould had stopped growing.
The fungus was identified as Penicillium notatum.
It produced a substance that killed bacteria. This substance was given the name penicillin.
19
Q
Why could Fleming not take his work on penicillin further?
A
Nobody was willing to fund further research, so Fleming was unable to take his work on penicillin further
20
Q
In 1940, what was discovered about penicillin?
A
Penicillin was effective on mice
21
Q
In 1939, who continued Fleming’s research on penicillin?
A
In 1939, Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and their team continued Fleming’s research on penicillin.
22
Q
Why does penicillin need to be purified?
A
Penicillin needs to be purified because it is a natural product
23
Q
What technique did Ernst Chain devise?
A
Ernst Chain devised the freeze-drying technique, which was an important part of the purification process
24
Q
How did Florey and Chain make penicillin for their first chemical trial?
A
They made penicillin for their first clinical trial by growing penicillium notatum in every container they could find in their lab.
25
What happened to the first patient who used penicillin?
The patient began to recover, however because of Florey and Chain's short supply, they ran out and the patient died
26
Why did Florey go to America to mass produce penicillin?
Florey went to America to mass produce penicillin because British chemical firms were too busy making explosives
27
Originally, American firms were not keen to produce penicillin. How did this change?
American firms were also not keen to help — until America joined the war in 1941.
In December 1941, the US government began to give out grants to businesses that manufactured penicillin.
28
After the war, what happened to the cost of penicillin?
After the war, the cost of penicillin fell, making it more accessible for general use.
29
What were Fleming, Florey, and Chain awarded?
Fleming, Florey and Chain were awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1945.
30
By 1943, what had British businesses began to do?
By 1943, British businesses had also started mass-producing penicillin.
Mass production was sufficient for the needs of the military medics by 1944.
31
Why did Alexander Fleming abandon work on penicillin?
Alexander Fleming abdandoned work on penicillin because he thought that it would never work on living tissue
32
Give one group of people, who used mould to heal people
Greeks, Chinese and Aboriginals all used mould to heal people.
33
What animal was penicillin first tested on?
Penicillin was first tested on mice
34
Where did Florey and Chain make penicillin? Why?
Florey and Chain made penicillin at Oxford University, because factories were being used to make things for war
35
How much did the Medical Research Council give Florey and Chain? How much did Florey and Chain ask for?
The Medical Research Council gave Florey and Chain £25.
They asked for £600, but only got £25
36
Who was the first human that penicillin was tested on?
The first human penicillin was tested on Albert Alexander
37
How many lives did penicillin save, by the end of World War Two?
Penicillin saved 300,000 lives by the end of World War Two
38
How did Alexander Fleming trick Florey and Chain?
Alexander Fleming tricked Florey and Chain and took the credit for penicillin himself by:
Pretending a friend was ill, taking a large supply of penicillin away and then telling the press that he had created it himself
39
Who was James Watson?
James Watson was an American biologist
40
Who was Francis Crick?
Francis Crick was an English physicist
41
Where did Watson and Crick work, in 1953?
James Watson and Francis Crick worked at Cambridge University in 1953.
42
What did Crick and Watson build their model of DNA based on?
Crick and Watson saw the x-rays provided by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins.
They built their model based off the photographs of DNA.
43
How did Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins help with the model of DNA?
Franklin made some corrections and Wilkins provided clearer photographs that they had taken of DNA.
44
What did Watson and Crick suggest the shape of DNA was?
Watson and Crick suggested the shape of DNA was a double helix, which could 'unzip' itself to make copies.
45
Who was the Human Genome Project originally led by? What did it aim to do?
In 1990, the Human Genome Project, originally led by Watson, aimed to decode and map the human genome - The complete set of DNA that makes up humans
46
What is the human genome?
The human genome is the complete set of DNA that makes up humans
47
When was the Human Genome Project completed? How many genomes were mapped?
The Human Genome Project was completed in 2003
More than 3 billion genomes were mapped
48
What did the completion of the human genome mean for scientists?
Scientists now understand what each part of the genome is for and where hereditary diseases are in our DNA.
Scientists are able to identify the gene that is present in some breast cancer patients which has helped with prevention
49
Give 3 factors that contributed to Watson and Crick's discovery
Watson and Crick were great scientists - they weren't afraid to try out new ideas that hadn't been tried before
Watson and Crick had the best equipment such as improved microscopes that allowed them to see DNA clearly
Watson and Crick did not work alone - they had a team of scientists with different skills and knowledge
Although their research was expensive, most of it was funded by the government
Watson and Crick built on new knowledge in other types of science
Rosalind Franklin, who worked with Watson and Crick, was able to photograph a single strand of DNA
Watson and Crick were able to use new X-ray photography to build their DNA model
50
What did Watson, Crick, and their team win?
Watson and Crick, along with their team, won the Nobel Prize in medicine in 1962
51
What are genes?
Genes are the chemical instructions' that plan out human characteristics, like sex and hair colour. They are stored in cells as DNA.
52
Because of the discovery of DNA, what can scientists now produce?
Because of the discovery of DNA, scientists can now produce a synthetic protein to replicate the work of a faulty gene and treat inherited conditions using techniques like gene therapy.
53
Give 4 improvements in medical diagnosis
Blood tests (1930s)
Blood sugar monitoring (1960s)
X-rays (1890s)
Blood pressure monitors (1880s)
MRI scans (1970s)
CT scans (1970s)
Endoscopes (1900s)
ECGs (1900s)
Ultrasounds (1940s)
54
How did blood tests improve diagnosis?
Blood tests (1930s) - using blood samples to test for a large number of conditions without the need for invasive diagnosis methods
55
How did blood sugar monitoring improve diagnosis?
Blood sugar monitoring (1960s) - allows people who suffer from diabetes to check their blood sugar regularly to ensure they manage their condition
56
How did x-rays improve diagnosis?
X-Rays (1890s) - helps to see inside the human body without cutting into it - diagnose problems such as a broken bone
57
How did blood pressure monitors improve diagnosis?
Blood pressure monitors (1880s) - helped diagnose high and low blood pressure
58
How did MRI scans improve diagnosis?
MRI Scans (1970s) - using magnets and radio waves to create an internal image of the body - helped diagnose soft tissue injuries
59
How did CT scans improve diagnosis?
CT Scans (1970s) - more advanced form of x-rays. They can be used to diagnose tumours and other growths in the body.
60
How did endoscopes improve diagnosis?
Endoscopes (1900s) - small camera on the end of a flexible tube to help see inside the human body and can be used to assist surgery
61
What did ECGs do?
ECGs (1900s) used electrical impulses to track heart activity
62
How did ultrasounds improve diagnosis?
Ultrasounds (1940s) - soundwaves able to picture inside the body - helpful for diagnosing things such as kidney stones
63
How has radiotherapy and chemotherapy improved treatment?
Doctors can now use x-rays to target and shrink tumours growing inside the body
It is an effective treatment for many types of cancer
64
How has laparoscopy (keyhole surgery) improved treatment?
Laparoscopy is using tiny cameras and narrow surgical instruments, surgeons can now operate inside the body through tiny incisions
Allows for quicker healing and less trauma to the body
65
How did dialysis machines improve treatment?
The blood of patients with kidney failure is 'washed' by a machine.
Machines have become more widely available, smaller and more portable.
66
How did prosthetic limbs improve treatment?
Better prosthetic limbs were now produced. Partly in response to the number of soldiers surviving attacks in recent wars in Iraq and Afghanistan
People could have a limb replaced instead of permanently removed
67
How did transplants improve treatment?
Transplants were made possible due to improved surgical techniques, microsurgery, used to re-attach tiny nerve endings and blood vessels
People could get vital organs transplanted - life saving
68
How did robotic surgery improve treatment?
Surgeons can now use computers to control instruments inside the body
Allowed for more precise surgery with smaller cuts
69
Why were blood tests introduced?
Blood tests were introduced to test blood groups, before blood transfusions
70
Give one thing that blood tests can check/show
Blood tests can be used to check a patient's cholesterol level. This can help diagnose their chance of suffering a heart attack or stroke.
Blood tests can be used to check a patient's DNA. This can help diagnose a genetic condition, like haemophilia or cystic fibrosis.
Some blood tests can be used to show whether a patient has a certain type of cancer, including ovarian cancer, prostate cancer and breast cancer.
71
What did blood pressure monitors allow doctors and patients to see?
Blood pressure monitors let doctors and patients see whether disease, lifestyle factors or medicines are causing high blood pressure, which can cause damage to the heart
72
What do x-rays pass and not pass through?
X-rays pass easily through soft flesh, but less well through bone
73
How do ultrasounds work?
Ultrasounds use high frequency sound waves, which bounce off the patient's organs and other tissues to create an image of them on a computer
74
Who invented CAT scans? What do CAT scans do?
CAT scans were invented in 1972 by Godfrey Hounsfield. They use x-rays and a computer to make detailed images of parts of the patient's body.
75
How do MRI scans work?
MRI scans use extremely powerful radio waves and magnetic fields to construct images
76
Who discovered x-rays, and when?
X-rays were discovered in 1895 by Wilhelm Rontgen
77
What was the first x-ray of?
The first x-ray was of Rontgen's wife's hand. It took 15 minutes to develop.
78
What was visible for the first time in 1909?
In 1909, contours of the heart were visible for the first time
79
Give one impact of x-rays
3D, detailed images
Able to learn more about the heart
X-rays help to see inside the human body without cutting into it, which can diagnose problems such as a broken bone.
80
When was smoking popularised?
Smoking was popularised in the 1920s
81
Give one thing smoking has been linked to
Smoking has been linked to:
High blood pressure
Throat cancer
Lung cancer
Mouth cancer
82
What can having a bad diet lead to?
Having a bad diet can lead to things such as diabetes
83
Give one thing alcohol consumption has been linked to
Alcohol consumption has been linked to:
Heart disease
Stroke
Liver disease
Digestive problems
84
When are you most likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer?
You are most likely to be diagnosed with lung cancer at 70-74
85
What are the three most common causes of lung cancer?
The three most common causes of lung cancer are:
Smoking, pollution and some people develop it for no reason
86
What did the British Medical Research Council discover about smoking in 1950?
The British Medical Research Council discovered that lung cancer was linked to smoking in 1950.
87
What has advertising by tobacco companies, since World War One, led to?
Advertising by tobacco companies since World War One led to a huge rise in smokers.
88
How many people died from lung cancer in 1973?
Nearly 26,000 died from lung cancer in 1973. This continued to rise until the 1990s.
89
By 1985, how much was smoking related deaths costing the NHS, per year?
By 1985, smoking related deaths was costing the NHS £165 million a year.
90
How much did the British Government earn from tobacco tax?
The British Government earned £4 billion from tobacco tax.
91
How did the government's response to smoking change?
The government was slow to respond to the evidence that cigarette smoking was linked to lung cancer.
But, as time passed, it became clear that the government needed to intervene. The death rate was too high to ignore.
92
What did the government ban in 2007?
The government banned smoking in all workplaces. People couldn't smoke in pubs, cafes, restaurants or offices.
93
What did the government ban in 2005?
The government banned all cigarette advertising on TV. No advertising or sponsoring of major sporting events as well.
94
What did the smoking ban extend to, in 2015?
The ban was extended to cars carrying children under the age of 18 because second hand smoking has a negative impact upon people's health
95
In 2007, what was the legal age of buying tobacco incrased to?
The government raised the legal age you could buy tobacco from 16 to 18 years old.
96
What did the government produce, to advertise the dangers of smoking?
The government produced campaigns to advertise the dangers of smoking:
Impact on small children, pregnant women, the chemicals included, health impacts and the diseases caused by smoking.
97
What did the government do, to make cigarettes more expensive?
The government increased taxation on all tobacco products. This made cigarettes more expensive.
98
In 2012, what happened to cigarette products in shops?
All cigarette products in shops have been removed from view to discourage younger people from smoking.
99
Radiotherapy is a treatment for cancer. What does radiotherapy involve?
Radiotherapy involves killing cancer cells using targeted X-rays and gamma rays.
100
What is chemotherapy, when was it found?
Chemotherapy is the treatment of cancer using drugs.
It was discovered in World War Il when doctors found that nitrogen mustard (a chemical in mustard gas) could be used to reduce cancer tumours.
101
Since the late 1990s, what has been used to fight cancer?
Since the late 1990s, targeted therapy has been used to fight cancer. This uses drugs to prevent cancer from spreading.
102
Doctors can now use bronchoscopy to diagnose lung cancer. What does bronchoscopy involve?
Bronchoscopy involves putting a thin tube into the lungs to take a sample of the suspected cells. It requires a local anaesthetic to numb the throat.
103
In 1900, what did Karl Landsteiner discover?
In 1900, Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups.
104
Why can't some blood groups be mixed?
Some blood groups can't be mixed as the blood will clot, clogging the blood vessels.
105
What did Karl Landsteiner find about blood transfusions?
Karl Landsteiner found that transfusions were safe as long as the patient's blood matched the donor's.
106
What did doctors find that would stop blood clotting?
In 1914, during World War I, doctors found that sodium citrate stopped blood clotting so it could be stored outside the body
107
When was the first ever blood bank set up?
The first ever blood bank was set up at the Battle of Cambrai
108
When was the British National Transfusion Service established?
In 1946, the British National Blood Transfusion Service was established.
109
In 1905, the first of what kind of transplant was performed?
In 1905, the first successful transplant of the cornea of the eye was performed.
110
What was the first complete organ to be transplanted?
The first complete organ to be transplanted was the kidney
111
Give two things that can be transplanted
Livers
Lungs
Pancreases
Bone marrow
Kidneys
Can all be transplanted
112
Who carried out the first successful heart transplant? What happened to the patient?
The first successful heart transplant was carried out by the South African surgeon Christiaan Barnard in 1967.
The patient only survived for 18 days — he died of peumonia.
113
What is rejection?
Rejection is where the immune system attacks an implant as if it were a virus
114
Why was the success of early transplants limited?
The success of early transplant operations was limited because doctors lacked effective immunosuppressants - drugs that stop the immune system attacking.
115
What are the advantages of keyhole surgery?
Keyhole surgery is a technique (developed in the 1980s) which makes surgery less invasive - it leaves patients with smaller scars and allows them to recover more quickly.
116
What is keyhole surgery useful for?
Keyhole surgery is useful for investigating the causes of pain or infertility. It's also used for vasectomies, removing cysts or the appendix, mending hernias and other minor operations.
117
What has robot-assisted surgery improved?
Robot-assisted surgery has also improved precision.
118
When was the first surgical robot introduced?
The first surgical robot was introduced in 1985
119
The launch of what system made robot-assisted surgery widely used?
Robot-assisted surgery only became widely used after 2000 with the launch of the Da Vinci system.
120
What are the advantages of robot-assisted surgeries?
Robot-assisted surgery allows surgeons to make smaller cuts. This means less scarring, less infection and quicker healing of wounds.
121
Give two changes that the Beveridge report says are needed
Things that are needed:
Banishing poverty
Abolish disease, ignorance, squalor, and laziness (idleness)
Stop poverty, old age, and low birth rate
Abolition of 'Want' - stop greed
122
Give four ways in which changes that the Beveridge report talks about, will be achieved
How changes will be achieved:
A system of social security, which will be operated by the state, that will be implemented at the end of WW2
Social insurance being fully developed - could provide income security
It is imperative to give the most funding to childcare and protecting mothers
Managing provision rates of benefit and contribution
Introducing the welfare state
Establishing a National Health Service
Free medical treatment for all
A benefit system, to protect the population from birth to death ('cradle to grave')
123
At the start of the 20th century, what was access to healthcare like? What did this mean for people's health?
At the start of the 20th century, access to healthcare was severely limited. This was particularly the case for poor people, who couldn't afford to go to the doctor or buy medicine.
This meant that people's health was poor. For example, in 1901 there were 140 infant deaths for every 1000 births — today it's less than 5.
124
When the Boer War broke out in 1899, what percentage of men were physically unfit for military service?
When the Boer War broke out in 1899, army officers found that 40% of volunteers were physically unfit for military service
125
In 1911, what did the Liberal government introduce?
In 1911, the Liberal government introduced the National Insurance Act, which gave some workers health insurance to pay for medical attention.
126
What did WW1 mean for the expansion of healthcare?
World War I drained Britain's resources, and several economic slumps in the 1920s and 1930s meant the government couldn't expand healthcare provision.
127
What did WW1 mean for the expansion of healthcare?
World War I drained Britain's resources, and several economic slumps in the 1920s and 1930s meant the government couldn't expand healthcare provision.
128
When was the NHS launched?
The NHS launched in 1948
129
What did the NHS aim to do?
The NHS aimed to provide medical care for the whole of the population, no matter how rich or poor they are.
130
How was the NHS paid for?
The NHS was paid for by National Insurance contributions, taken from wages in the same way as tax.
131
After 1948, what could women get treatment for?
After 1948, women were allowed to get treatment for painful conditions like varicose veins, which might previously have been left untreated.
132
After 1948, what could children be treated for, before there was any lasting damage?
Children could be treated for minor problems before there was any lasting damage.
133
Give one change the government made to the NHS during the 1960s
During the 1960s, the government implemented changes to improve the NHS:
Plans were made to ensure hospitals were evenly spread across the country
In 1966, a GP's charter was introduced, which encouraged GP's to work in group practices and gave them incentives to keep up with medical developments.
134
Once the three major problems of surgery had been solved, what could doctors now do?
Once the 3 major problems of surgery (pain, blood loss, infection) had been solved, doctors were able to carry out more daring and intrusive surgeries than ever before.
135
What happened to the number of doctors between 1948 and 1973?
The number of doctors doubled between 1948 and 1973 to keep up with demand.
136
Give three things the NHS offers today
Today, the NHS provides a range of health services, most of which are free and accessible to everyone.
They include:
Accident and emergency care
Maternity care
Major surgery
Pharmacies
Dentists
Mental health services
Sexual health services
General practitioners (GPs).
137
Give three vaccinations that were introduced by the government
Government introduction of vaccinations:
1942 - Diphtheria
1950 - Poliomyelitis and whooping cough
1961 - Tetanus
1968 - Measles
1970 - Rubella
138
What is diptheria? What is it caused by?
Diphtheria is a contagious disease that is caused by bacteria in the nose and throat. it can eventually attack the heart muscles, causing paralysis or heart failure.
139
In 1940, how many people died of diptheria, and how many cases of diptheria were there?
In 1940, there were over 60,000 cases of diptheria and over 3,000 deaths.
140
Why did the government start a vaccination campaign against Diptheria in 1940, to immunise all children?
The government feared that wartime conditions could lead to the spread of the disease
141
Give one way the government publicised the diptheria vaccination campaign
The government ran publicity campaigns, using posters, newspaper advertisements and radio broadcasts to publicise the diptheria vaccination campaign.
142
In 1957, how many people died of diptheria, and how many cases of diptheria were there?
In 1957, the number of diphtheria cases had dropped to just 38, with only six deaths.
143
What is polio? What can it cause?
Polio is an infection that can attack the digestive system, bloodstream and nervous system.
The disease can cause paralysis, and particularly affects children.
144
Between 1947 and 1958, how many children were left with disabilities from Polio?
Polio left over 30,000 children with disabilities between 1947 and 1958.
145
When was the first Polio vaccine introduced in Britain? What was the aim of the campaign?
The first vaccine was introduced in Britain in 1956 alongside a national campaign, aiming to vaccinate every person under the age of 40.
146
In the period of 1985-2002, how many Polio cases were reported in Britain?
In the period of 1985-2002, only 40 polio cases were reported in Britain.
147
Give one reason why there is opposition to vaccination
People oppose vaccination because:
People resent government intervention in their lives
They choose not to vaccinate their children
Distrust in the medical profession has led to fears that vaccines are unsafe
148
Give one example of a law passed by the government, to provide a healthy environment for the population
The government passed laws to provide a healthy environment for the population.
Examples of these were the Clean Air Acts of 1956 and 1968.
They were triggered by bad episodes of smog in London in 1952.
149
What is smog? Why did it use to be common?
Smog is a very heavy fog caused by air pollution.
When everyone used to burn coal to heat their homes, there was a great deal of smoke and soot in the air.
Particularly in London, where a lot of people lived.
150
What did the Royal College of Physicians recommend in 1962? What happened after this?
In 1962, the Royal College of Physicians recommended a ban on tobacco advertising.
Shortly afterwards, in 1965, cigarette adverts were banned from television.
In 1971 tobacco companies were forced to put a health warning on cigarette packets.
151
In terms of smoking, what have recent government campaigns focused on?m
Recent government campaigns have focused on helping people to give up smoking and on discouraging smoking in cars, homes and in front of children.
152
In March 2015, what law did Parliament pass, in relation to cigarettes?
In March 2015, Parliament passed a law requiring all cigarette companies to use plain packaging on boxes of cigarettes.
153
Give one example of a government lifestyle campaign to make people healthier
Some examples of government lifestyle campaigns include:
Advertising campaigns warning against the dangers to health, such as smoking, binge drinking, recreational drug use and unprotected sex.
Events such as Stoptober, which encourage people to stop smoking for a month.
Initiatives encouraging people to eat healthier and do more exercise, such as the Change4Life campaign.
Campaigns like Drinkaware, which encourage people to stop drinking or reduce their alcohol consumption
154
What does Stoptober encourage people to do?
Stoptober encourages people to stop smoking for a month
155
What does the Change4Life campaign encourage people to do?
The Change4Life campaign encourages people to eat healthier and do more excercise
156
In the 20th century, scientists showed there was a link between people's lifestyle choices, and what?
In the 20th century, scientists showed a link between people's lifestyle choices and their health.
157
How many died from a Great Smog caused by coal fires, in 1952?
A great smog in 1952 led to 4,000 deaths in London
158
Give one condition that air pollution can cause
Air pollution can cause:
Asthma
Bronchitis
159
What has an decrease in active lifestyles led to?
A decrease in active lifestyles has led to an increase in obesity
160
When was the Drinkaware campaign launched? What possible effect did this have on alcohol consumption?
The Drinkaware campaign was launched in 2004.
This campaign may have contributed to the decrease in alcohol consumption
161
When was the Drinkaware campaign launched? What possible effect did this have on alcohol consumption?
The Drinkaware campaign was launched in 2004.
This campaign may have contributed to the decrease in alcohol consumption
162
What does Drinkaware encourage people to do?
Drinkaware encourages people to stop drinking or reduce their alcohol consumption.
163
As more people were given the vote, what did the government do?
As more people were given the vote, the government paid more attention to what its citizens wanted.
164
Give one example of a prevention method introduced by the government
Once the causes of disease and health problems was understood, methods of prevention could be tested and introduced. These have included:
Compulsory vaccinations: inspired by the positive impact of the smallpox vaccine, others were launched in the 20th century.
Passing laws to provide a healthy environment: these include the Clean Air Acts and adding fluoride to the water supply to prevent tooth decay
Communicating health risks: lifestyle campaigns help people to identify and tackle health risks. Communicating risks to the population became key in preventing disease.
165
In 1900, how many deaths were caused by infectious diseases? How did this change by 1990?
In 1900, 25% of deaths were caused by infectious diseases, By 1990, that number had fallen to less than 1%.
166
In 1900, most people were taking herbal remedies. How and why did this change?
Due to advancements in science after 1900, there are a wide variety of specific, effective medicine matched with the diseases that they treat.
167
Why is it difficult to develop a vaccine against the flu?
It is difficult to develop a vaccine against some viruses.
A different flu vaccine is available every year, as scientists develop it in response to the most common strain of flu at the time.
168
New diseases keep appearing, why can this be a problem?
Some new diseases do not respond to any chemical treatments that we currently know about.
169
Lifestyle factors have caused an increase in illnesses such as heart disease and cancer. Why is this so serious?
There are no cures for heart disease and cancer
170
Microbes are living organisms and what have some of them evolved to do?
Some microbes have evolved to beat some of the cures that doctors have been using.
171
What is MRSA?
MRSA is a strain of drug-resistant bacteria that is particularly resistant to antibiotics
172
Give 2 problems with x-rays
Problems with X-Rays:
Health risks from x-rays were not understood, radiation levels were 1,500 times stronger than those today, so patients could lose hair or suffer burns
Rontgen's x-ray machine contained a glass tube which was fragile
X-rays took about 90 minutes to complete, a long time
Big x-ray machines were being developed but they were immovable
173
What did blood loss often cause?
Blood loss often caused shock and death
174
What was the universal blood group?
O was the universal blood group
175
Why was the discovery of blood groups significant?
The discovery of blood groups meant that donors and patients could be matched
It would also stop the issue of mixing the wrong blood groups
176
What did Karl Landsteiner discover in 1901?
Karl Landsteiner discovered blood groups in 1901
