Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

10L1/Hi > Medieval Medicine (1250-1500) > Flashcards

Medieval Medicine (1250-1500) Flashcards

1
Q

What was the Hippocratic Oath and who created it?

A

The Hippocratic Oath is something that doctors still have to sign today. It is to say that the doctor will not cause intentional harm to a patient when carrying out a surgery, treatment or procedure.

It was created by Hippocrates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Hippocrates encourage doctors to do?

A

Hippocrates encouraged doctors to look for natural explanations for disease, because he believed there was an explanation for disease beyond religion and superstition.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Why did Galen’s belief in monostheism help his theories to become more popular?

A

Galen’s belief in there being one God led to the Church, who were very strict on ideas about the cause of disease, to support his ideas.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who created the Theory of the Four Humours and what were the four parts?

A

Hippocrates created the Theory of the Four Humours
The four parts were: Phlegm, blood, black bile, yellow bile

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What was believed to happen if your humours were imbalanced?

A

If your humours were imbalanced, they believed that you would fall ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What was the Theory of Opposites and who created it?

A

Galen created the Theory of Opposites
The idea was that the opposite would be applied to an excess humour.
(For example: Too much blood (which was hot and wet) could be rebalanced by eating something cool (like cucumber))

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How did the black death arrive in England?

A

The black death bacteria was carried in the digestive system of fleas, who arrived in England on rats, carried on merchant ships.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Give 2 symptoms of the black death

A

Chest pains and breathing troubles
Fever
Sneezing and coughing up blood
Boils and black buboes appearing in the groin and armpits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Give 3 effects the black death had on society

A

The black deaths effect on society:
People thought it would be the end of the world
20 million people died
Some buildings never got finished
Over 60 priests died
Harvests were ungathered and livestock was never tended to - which caused famine
People thought it was God’s punishment
Half of the towns became ghost towns
People believed Jews were poisoning the wells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Who were barber surgeons?

A

Barber surgeons were people who had access to razors and did a lot of medical procedures. They did not get training

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Give 2 jobs that a barber surgeon performed

A

Barber surgeons:
Cut people’s hair
Did bloodletting
Amputated people’s arms and legs
Removed cateracts from the eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Who were apothecaries?

A

Apothecaries were people who sold herbal remedies in medieval times. Female apothecaries were called “wise women”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Why did many people use apothecaries and not physicians?

A

Most people couldn’t afford to pay physicians, so they used apothecaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What were vivisections?

A

A vivisection was a dissection of the body of a criminal. This was accepted because criminals bodies were seen as imperfect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What was trepanning?

A

Trepanning was the practice of cutting a hole in the skull to release evil spirits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is amputation?

A

Amputation is the process of removing a limb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What was cauterisation?

A

Cauterisation was the process of burning a wound to stop the blood flow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What was bloodletting?

A

Bloodletting was losing blood to balance the humours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Give 2 religious preventions of the black death

A

People whipped themselves (Flagullation)
Praying
Attending religious processions
Burning Jewish People

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Give 2 natural preventions of the black death

A

People stayed at home
Didn’t mix with others
Ate and drank moderately

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Give 1 supernatural prevention of the black death

A

Some people used lucky charms to prevent themselves from getting the disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Give 5 natural treatments of the black death

A

People ate lettuce and alternated sides when sleeping
Using herbal remedies
Enjoyed themselves (e.g. by drinking alcohol)
Used sweet-smelling herbs to mask miasma
Lancing buboes
Doctors used leeches
Trepanning
Geophagy
Warm baths (Helped to draw in heat and dissolve blockages in the humours)
Bloodletting or purging to balance the humours

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What was geophagy?

A

Geophagy was the act of putting earth-like substances on wounds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Give 1 religious treatment of the black death

A

Praying to apologise to God
Some went on pilgrimages to holy shrines, which often contained the remains of saints. They thought this could cure illness.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Give 2 natural causes of the black death

A

Miasma
People thought just thinking about the black death would cause you to become ill
Looking at people with the disease was also believed to make you ill

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Give 2 religious causes of the black death

A

People believed the black death was the result of God deserting mankind
The black death was believed to be sent by God, to cleanse one’s soul of sin
God’s punishment to mankind
People believed that some diseases could be caused by evil spirits living inside somebody. Members of the Church performed exorcisms to remove the evil spirits.
Disease was seen as a result of sin
People believed that Jewish people were poisoning the wells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Give 1 supernatural cause of the black death

A

Misalignment of planets
Disease was thought to be caused by evil supernatural beings like demons or witches. Many people were tried for being witches and executed.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Give 1 natural diagnosis of the black death

A

Physicians used urine charts - they believed there was a correlation between the colour of a patients urine and the black death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What was miasma?

A

Miasma was bad smells from rotting food or decaying bodies - people thought this caused disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Give 5 reasons why there was continuity in ideas about the cause of disease

A

Most people followed the Catholic Church
There was a lack of scientific knowledge
Most people could not read or write
Learning came from the church - the church controlled education and universities
Wars between rivals caused disruption to education
Physicians were trained in universities
Books were handwritten and expensive and most large collections were owned by the church
The church was afraid of new ideas that might challenge their power
The church taught that disease was sent by God to test their faith
All new ideas were checked against the bible
Many people were superstitious and believed in the devil, hell, and the power of planets
The church didn’t allow dissection of human bodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Who were hospitals ran by, and why was this problematic?

A

Hospitals were ran by monks and nuns
They aimed to care for the sick, but not cure them - they saw this as God’s job

32
Q

What were the roles of monks and nuns in hospitals?

A

Nuns would perform a nursing role
Monks saw to the spiritual welfare of the patients

33
Q

Who was often rejected from hospitals?

A

Insane and pregnant patients were often rejected from hospitals

34
Q

What was an endowment and what percentage of hospitals were funded by one?

A

An endowment was money left for the setting up of a hospital, they were funded by rich people
70% of hospitals were funded by an endowment

35
Q

Hospitals were quite successful for people not suffering from terminal disease, why?

A

Hospitals were a good place to rest and recover
They were kept clean - bed linen and clothing of patients were regularly washed

36
Q

What percentage of hospitals were owned and ran by the church?

A

30% of hospitals were owned and ran by the church

37
Q

How many hospitals were there by the 1500’s?

A

There was an estimated 1,100 hospitals by the 1500’s

38
Q

Give 2 advantages of hospitals

A

1) Bury St Edmund’s was famed for its healing powers. It had at least 6 hospitals to cater for lepers, the infirm and the old.
2) Hospitals were a good place to rest and recover.
3) They were kept clean - bed linen and clothing of patients were regularly washed.
4) Recovery in a hospital was proof that God existed and that prayer worked in healing patients
5) Patients who had a chance of recovery were able to see the altar and even participate in Church services from their beds, to help with the healing of their souls.

39
Q

Give 3 disadvantages of hospitals

A

1) By the 1500’s, there was an estimated 1,100 hospitals. These ranged in size from offering a few beds to hundreds.
2) Patients would share beds unless they were dying and female.
3) Many hospitals didn’t actually treat the sick. Instead, they offered hospitality to travellers and pilgrims.
4) About 30% of the hospitals in England were owned and run by the church. They were run by the monks and nuns who lived in nearby monasteries. Nuns would perform a nursing role. Monks saw to the spiritual welfare of the patients.
5) Focus was placed on caring for the sick, rather than curing disease. The church believed that diseases had been sent by God as a punishment for sin, so only prayers could cure it.
6) 70% of churches were funded by an endowment, a rich person had left money for the setting up of a hospital.

40
Q

Give 2 advantages of home care

A

1) Women were expected to care for their relatives and dependents when needed.
2) Women would make the patient comfortable, preparing restorative foods and mixing herbal remedies.
3) Women would also be responsible for the garden, in which they were expected to grow various plants known for their healing properties, such as marigolds and clover.
4) Women had more healing skills than just mixing herbal remedies, keeping patients clean and well fed. They carried out minor surgeries and bleedings.
5) Women served as herbalists, midwives, surgeons, barber-surgeons, nurses and traditional healers.

41
Q

Give 2 disadvantages of home care

A

1) Records on care in the home were patchy. This is because it was taken for granted that women cared for the sick, so nobody bothered to record it when it happened.
2) Women waged a lengthy battle to maintain their right to care for the sick and injured. The 1322 case of Jacqueline Felicie, one of the many healers charged with illegally practicing medicine, raises serious questions about the motives of male physicians in discrediting these women as incompetent and dangerous.
3) The second development against women was the campaign promoted by the church and supported by both clerical and civil authorities to brand women healers as witches. Perhaps the church perceived these women, with their special healing skills, as a threat to the church.

42
Q

Define public health

A

Public health is the science of protecting and improving the health of people and their communities.

43
Q

Give 3 features of monasteries

A

-Monasteries had their own drainage and water supply systems
-Water was piped through five settling tanks to purify it
-Dirty water was drained off and used to clean the toilets
-One monk was always in charge of the laver to ensure it was clean and had clean towels
-Most monasteries and nunnaries had an infirmary and an almonry
-Aqueducts brought clean water into cities. They were above ground and separate from sewage.

44
Q

Give 3 features of a medieval town

A

-Ordinary people found it hard to get clean water to cook, brew and wash with
-Each town was run by a corporation of rich men who had to decide how much sanitation to provide
-People put their rubbing and sewage out on the streets or in a nearby river
-Sometimes houses shared a cesspit, but they often became full and ran over
-Streams often got choked with sewage and the river water was not healthy

45
Q

Describe the government’s response to the black death

A

-The government had no effective response to the black death
-Some of the government quarantined houses and separated the sick from the healthy
-They considered banning religious processions and preaching, to stop large crowds
-These laws were not fully enforced as local government didn’t have as much power as rich people moved quite a lot, and the church continued to run as normal

46
Q

What was the Regimen Sanitatis?

A

The Regimen Sanitatis was believed to be written in the 12th or 13th century
It was translated into almost every European language
Its first appearance in print was in 1480
It was a loose set of instructions on how to maintain good health

47
Q

What did Galen study? What did he find?

A

Galen studied the inner workings of the body and found that arteries carry blood.

48
Q

Galen carried out dissection only on animals. Why?

A

He carried out dissection on animals, due to dissection on humans still being illegal at the time.

49
Q

What was people’s opinion of Hipppcrates’ and Galen’s ideas?

A

Hippocrates’ and Galen’s ideas were seen as the absolute truth.
Many of their ideas were taught for centuries after their deaths.

50
Q

What was the Theory of Opposites?

A

The theory of Opposites said that the opposite would be applied to an excess humour.
For example, too much blood (which was hot and wet) could be fixed by eating something cool (like cucumber).

51
Q

Why was the theory of Opposites very popular?

A

The theory of the Opposites was very popular because:
It was very detailed
It could be used to explain almost every type of illness - physical or mental
The Church supported Galen’s ideas

52
Q

What liquid was examined to check the balance of humours?

A

Urine was also examined the check the balance of humours, a physician would check colour, smell and even taste.

53
Q

How many people were killed by the Black Death every day, in London?

A

In London, 200 people were killed every day

54
Q

What was the black death a mixture of?

A

The black death was a mixture of bubonic and pneumonic plague

55
Q

Why were natural anaesthetics dangerous?

A

Natural anaesthetics were dangerous because high doses could kill the patient.

56
Q

In 1300, how many physicians were there in England?

A

In 1300, there were less than 100 physicians in England.

57
Q

Who were physicians?

A

Physicians were male doctors who had trained at university for at least seven years.
They read ancient texts as well as writings from the Islamic world, but their training involved little practical experience.

58
Q

What were the two things physicians used to check patient’s conditions?

A

Physicians used handbooks (vademecums) and clinical observation to check patient’s conditions.

59
Q

What rule were apothecaries not bound by? What did this mean?

A

Apothecaries were not bound by the Hippocratic oath so they couldn’t be trusted to do the best for their patient.

60
Q

How were apothecaries trained?

A

Apothecaries were trained through apprenticeships.

61
Q

Who performed dissections? What did physicians do? Why was this a problem for physicians?

A

A barber surgeon performed dissections.
The physicians read books about Galen
Therefore the physician never learnt from the dissection.

62
Q

Give 1 supernatural diagnosis of the black death

A

Astrology is the idea that the movement of the planets and stars have an effect on the Earth and on people. Astrology was a new way of diagnosing disease and was developed in Arabic medicine. It was brought to Europe between 1100 and 1300.

Different star signs were thought to affect different parts of the body

Medieval doctors owned a type of calendar, called an almanac, which included information about where particular planets and stars were at any given time, and how this related to a patient’s illness.

63
Q

The church controlled education during the period. Why did this lead to continuity in ideas about disease?

A

The church was very powerful and controlled education throughout the period, which led to continuity in ideas about the cause of disease, because they believed that God was responsible for illness and disease.

64
Q

There was no challenge of the religious explanations and preventions for disease and illness. Why?

A

Due to the power the church held in society, there was no challenge of the religious explanations and preventions for disease and illness.

65
Q

Public health conditions were worse in medieval towns than they had been in Roman times. Why?

A

The worsened public health conditions was partly caused by population growth and urbanisation.
It was also caused by a lack of understanding of disease.
In addition, butchers and barbers would throw their waste into rivers and the street.

66
Q

What did people in Winchester believe about catching the plague?

A

Some people in Winchester thought that you could catch the plague from being close to the bodies of dead victims.

67
Q

Wha t happened when Winchester’s cemetary became full? What did the townspeople do?

A

When the town’s cemetery became too full to take any more plague victims, the townspeople refused to let the bishop extend the cemetery in the town centre.
Instead, they insisted that new cemeteries be built outside of the town, away from the houses.

68
Q

After hearing that the black death had reached Bristol, what did Gloucester do?

A

The town of Gloucester tried to shut itself off from the outside world after hearing the Black Death had reached Bristol.

69
Q

After hearing that the black death had reached Bristol, what did Gloucester do? What does this suggest?

A

The town of Gloucester tried to shut itself off from the outside world after hearing the Black Death had reached Bristol.
This suggests that they thought the plague was spread by human contact.

70
Q

What did the king decide in January 1349?

A

In January 1349, King Edward Ill took the decision to close Parliament.

71
Q

What did the Regimen Sanitatis advise?

A

The Regimen Sanitatis advised: R
egular bathing, exercise, clean air, avoiding dogs, ensuring diet was good, don’t eat too much.

72
Q

What does Regimen Sanitatis mean?

A

Regimen Sanitatis means Rule of health.

73
Q

What did doctors believe about pus in wounds?

A

Doctors believe that pus in wounds helped a patient to recover

74
Q

Who was the Roman God of health and medicine?

A

The Roman god of health and medicine was Aesculapius.

75
Q

When the Roman Empire fell, what did monks try to do?

A

Monks tried to copy and preserve Ancient Roman medical texts when the Roman Empire fell.

10L1/Hi (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions