⭐️Modern Atomic Theory Flashcards
Wave-particle duality of nature
Electrons and light have properties of both waves (wavelength+frequency) / particles (quanta of energy)
Heisenberg’s uncertainty principle
It is impossible to know the exact position and momentum of an electron at the same time WE ARE UNCERTAIN WHAT ELECTRONS ARE WHERE IN HEINZ KETCHUP
Schrodinger
Treated electrons as waves and assigned them quanta numbers (levels, energy levels) ELECTRONS ARE LIKE WAVES, GAVE THEM QUANTA NUMBERS
Wave-mechanical view of an atom
1) electron cloud model
2) probability of finding an electron in a cloud
3) orbital=region in a space electrons are found PROBABILITY OF CLOUDS IN ORBITALS
n
Energy level/size of electron cloud Quantum number Given n=1 to infinity >>>>>>>>>energy of electron increases
l
Sublevel, shape of electron cloud
l=0 to (n-1), types s, p, d, and f (SUPER PRETTY DALMATIANS FART)
m
Orbitals, direction in space
Orbitals hold a max of 2 electrons
m= -l to +l
s
Spin of electron, +-1/2
+1/2=clockwise spin, counterclockwise=-1/2
Pauli’s exclusion principle
No 2 electrons for an atom can have the same 4 quantum #’s PAULIEEE STOP EXCLUDING ELECTRONS FROM EACHOTHER
How to find the max # of orbitals/level (n to m)?
n^2
How to find max # of electrons/level (n to s)? (this is the atomic # of the noble gas of that period/level)
2n^2
Hund’s Rule
In a sublevel, each orbital gets an electron before pairing up. (Draw all up arrow first, then down, to show that electrons spin in opposite directions)
De Broglie
Hypothesized that if Planck (energy in quanta) were correct, then particles can have properties of waves
Used E=mc^2 and E=hV for Tilda=h/(m•v)…you can calculate wavelength of a particle if you know the mass+velocity ELECTRONS ARE LIKE WAVES, MADE AN EQUATION
What would each value represent in electron configuration 2s^1
2 is the level, s is the sublevel, 1 is the #of electrons on that sublevel
What makes a noble gas?
Electrons on the outermost energy/quantum level (valence electrons) add up to 8 and therefore have pairs spinning in opposite directions. (Far right of periodic table)
The highest energy level holds…
Valence electrons because it’s the outermost energy level
Louis dot diagram
Signifies how many valence electrons are on an element, put dots going (ORDER/PLACEMENT???). Dots next to each other are paired up/spin in opposite directions
If the arrows go ..|^v|..|^v|..|^|^| |..how many pairs of electrons are unshared? How many pairs are at least half full?
2 unshared pairs of electrons
4 pairs at least half full
What if I removed 1 valence electron from 11Na?
It would make a cation (positive ion) Na^+ or Na^+1
Kernel
Electrons that are NOT valance
Diagonal rule
1s^2 2s^2, 2p^6 3s^2, 3p^6, 3d^10 4s^2, 4p^6, 4d^10, 4f^14 5s^2, 5p^6, 5d^10, 5f^14 6s^2, 6p^6, 6d^10 7s^2, 7p^6
Sublevel s
Max 2 electrons, 1 orbital (box)=one sphere in center axis
Sublevel p
Max 6 electrons, 3 orbitals (boxes)=2 spheres on x, 2 spheres on y, and 2 spheres on z
Sublevel d
Max 10 electrons, 5 orbitals (boxes)
Sublevel f
Max 14 electrons, 7 orbitals (boxes)
What would each value represent in electron configuration 2s^1
2 is the level, s is the sublevel, 1 is the #of electrons on that sublevel
What makes a noble gas?
Electrons on the outermost energy/quantum level (valence electrons) add up to 8 and therefore have pairs spinning in opposite directions. (Far right of periodic table)
The highest energy level holds…
Valence electrons because it’s the outermost energy level
Louis dot diagram
Signifies how many valence electrons are on an element, put dots going clockwise🔁Dots next to each other are paired up/spin in opposite directions
If the arrows go ..|^v|..|^v|..|^|^| |..how many pairs of electrons are unshared? How many pairs are at least half full?
2 unshared pairs of electrons
4 pairs at least half full
What if I removed 1 valence electron from 11Na?
It would make a cation (positive ion) Na^+ or Na^+1
Kernel
Electrons that are NOT valance
Diagonal rule
1s^2 2s^2, 2p^6 3s^2, 3p^6, 3d^10 4s^2, 4p^6, 4d^10, 4f^14 5s^2, 5p^6, 5d^10, 5f^14 6s^2, 6p^6, 6d^10 7s^2, 7p^6
Maximum # of electrons on 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th energy levels
2, 8, 18, 32, and 32 electrons
How many electrons can be in 1 orbital?
2 (1 pair)
What names are used for the 3 p orbitals
Px Py Pz axes
What system of mathematical equations is used to describe the behavior of extremely SMALL particles traveling at velocities near the speed of light?
Quantum/wave mechanics. Deals with matter, radiation, waves, subatomic….Equation is T(wavelength)=h/(m•v)
Newtonium mechanics
Laws of mechanics applicable in the macroscopic world
Momentum equation
p=m•v mass times velocity
Info on De Broglie’s equation
T(m)=h(given, m 2/s)/mass(g)•velocity(m/s)
Use cross-multiplication/dig figs
Probability of finding an electron in a point in space
Ratio between the #of times the electron is in tht certain position and the total #of times it is at all possible positions…^probability, ^likeliness electron will be found @ tht position
Shortcut to filling in arrow-pairs of electrons?
Only fill it in (using hunds rule) for the last sublevel, that is not full
When electrons are switched around to different sublevels then the regular order, what does it mean?
The element is in the exited state, ground>excited, electron jumps, absorbs energy. As long as the electrons don’t exceed the max of tht sublevel it’s not incorrect, even if sublevels are missing
Silicon in 1s^2 2s^2 2p^7 would be…
Incorrect
The periods of periodic table represent (horizontal rows)
Elements that are similar and have the same energy levels
When an electron moves from n=2 to n=4…
It gains energy/photons are absorbed, jumps to a higher energy level (source=voltage box or flame)
Why can orbitals have nonspherical shapes even though the cloud charge is spherical?
May have different shapes on each orbital making up the charge cloud, which together creates a sphere
What signifies the SHAPE of electron cloud?
Sublevel l
Which noble gas is an exception?
Helium because it has 2 instead of 8 valence electrons
Excited state
Switch around electrons to different energy/sublevels, keep the same # of total electrons since it’s still the same element
