Models of health and influencing factors Flashcards
What is the World Health Organisation’s definition of health
The World Health Organization - ‘a complete state of physical, mental and social well-being, and not merely the absence or disease or infirmity’
What is a negative for the World Health Organisation’s definition of health
Perceived as utopian and unrealistic
What is the definition of a disease
What can cause disease
How can disease affect people
- A pathological condition
- Can be caused by external factors e.g. pathogens
- Disease can affect people physically and mentally
What is the definition of an illness?
Describe the symptoms of an illness
- Subjective state experienced by an individual – a feeling of ill-being
- Can be considered a ‘loss of health’
- Symptoms can be perceived, felt and acted upon differently by each person
What is the bio-medical model of health
- “Health of freedom from disease and abnormalities”
- Perceived as a negative viewpoint
- Easy to measure
Whats the definition of sickness
The social state that results as a consequence of feeling ill or being diseased – reflected in a changed lifestyle – ‘sick role’
What is the sociological model’s definition of health
Health is the state of optimum capacity of an individual for the effective performance of the roles and tasks for which they have been socialised
What is WHO’s definition of a disability
- International classification of impairments, disabilities and handicaps
What is the social model of disability
- People are disabled by barriers in society, not by their impairment. Barriers can be physical, or attitudinal, economic or political
Why does health need a societal perspective
- Helps society to focus on how health is generated within it
- Allows us to consider health in terms of social structures - can modify behaviour + actions
Whats the definition of a sickness
The social state that results as a consequence of feeling ill or being diseased – reflected in a changed lifestyle – ‘sick role’
How to we help people to stay healthy
- Medical
- Educational
- Societal
- Behavioural
- Client-centred
Describe the medical model
- Prevention of disease - person is given a diagnosis, usually by the doctor, and the patient is a passive element within the process
- Focus is controlling biological factors
Describe the behavioural model
- Changing individual behaviours + attitudes so they adopt a ‘healthy lifestyle’
- E.g. teaching people how to stop smoking, eating the ‘right food’ etc.
Describe the educational model
Whats the theory within this model?
- Inform or educate people to improve health and prevent disease
- Theory within this model is that you can affect change in an individual by educating them
Describe the societal model
- Health is determined by the social, cultural and physical factors - any solutions should address the political context
Describe the client centred model
- A health professional works w/ clients to help identify what they want to know + take action on
- Client makes their own decisions and choices according to their own interests + values
What is the common risk factor approach
- Focuses on common risk factors for a number of diseases
- Offers the potential for dealing with a combination of problems simultaneously
- More effective in the long-term and uses resources more efficiently
What are the advantages of the common risk factor approach
- Working with agencies to impact a variety of diseases to ensure oral health remains a priority
- Reduced health inequalities
What are the disadvantages of the common risk factor approach
- Altering one risk factor could impact on a number of diseases
- Conflicting messages from a variety of providers
What’s the largest preventable cause of disability and death in the UK
Smoking
What are the impacts of tobacco use on the teeth
- Teeth staining
- Reduction in taste sensation
- Halitosis (bad breath) due to delayed healing
What are the impacts of tobacco use on the body
- Increase in the risk of heart disease and stroke
- Lung cancer
Explain what is meant by Making healthier choices easier: Department of Health 2004
2003 - Advertising ban in force
2007 - Age of sale rise
2012-15 - Display ban in force
2016 - Standard packs
