models of health Flashcards
what is the medical model of disability
disability is caused by deviation from the medical norm
interventions should aim at returning the patient back to medical norm
what is the social model of disability
intrinsic failure of society to adjust to those with differing needs
is a form of social oppression and social change is required to prevent disability occurring
what is the WHO definition of impairment
physical abnormality in structure, or an abnormality in the function of the body
what is the WHO definition of disability
difficulty in performing certain tasks due to an impairment
what is the WHO definition of handicap
the broader social and psychological consequences of living with an impairment or disability
what are lay beliefs
stem from what health means to the average person who has no medical training
can be socially embedded and can influence behaviour regarding health
how do lay beliefs develop
naturally as a community seeks to understand health conditions
what is health behaviour
activity undertaken to maintain health and prevent illness
what is illness behaviour
activity undertaken by a patient who feels ill to define the problem and seek treatment
what can impact illness behaviour
culture
visibility of symptoms
extent of disruption
information available
lay referral
what is sick role behaviour
activity performed by a patient who is ill to actively make themselves better
what are deniers in terms of adherence to treatment
individuals who dont believe they have the disease so dont follow the treatment plan as that would mean accepting the condition
what are distancers in terms of adherence to treatment
individuals who downplay their condition and symptoms as not needing treatment and not serious
what are accepters in terms of adherence to treatment
accept they have the condition and view it as vital they adhere to treatment plan so they can achieve normal life
what are pragmatists in terms of adherence to treatment
seek help only on deterioration/when the condition becomes practically bothersome
what is health promotion
the process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their own health
what are 5 ways of health promotion
medical interventions
behaviour change
educational
empowerment
social change
what are primary interventions
prevent the onset of disease by reducing exposure to risk factors
what are secondary interventions
aim to detect and treat a disease at an early stage to prevent further complications
what are tertiary interventions
aim to minimise the effects of established disease
what are screening programmes
form of secondary prevention that acts to detect early stages of a disease in order to treat it before it becomes an issue
what are the Wilson-Junger criteria for screening programmes
condition for which it screens must be frequent and severe
all possible primary interventions must be in place
test must be simple, safe, precise, and inexpensive
must be an agreed target population
must be evidence that intervention at pre-symptomatic stage is beneficial
opportunity cost must be acceptable
screening programme must be possible to implement
what is mass screening and give an example
screen every individual for diseases
new born blood spot tests
what is selective screening and give an example
involves screening only for at risk population
cervical screenign
what is opportunistic screening and give an example
implemented only when the opportunity arises
GP checks the BP of anyone over 60 when they come for an appointment, just a test because they are there
what is the theory of planned behaviour used for
use to predict and explain why people engage in risky behaviours
what factors influence the theory of planned behaviour
attitude
perceived behavioural control
intention to carry out the behaviour
what is the COM-B model
capability, opportunity, motivation, all of which affect the ability and probability to carry out risky behaviour
what is the health belief model
looks at factors which affect ones beliefs about their health such as susceptibility, severity, and cues to action
what is the stages of change model and what are the 6 stages
identifies which stage of behavioural change a person is currently in
precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, relapse
what is the biomedical model of health
considers the influence of biological factors on human behaviour
views that physical factors influence and cause illness
why is the biomedical model of health criticised
biological reductionism as it does not consider the possible influence of the environmental and cognitive factors on behaviour
what is the biopsychosocial model of health
takes account of biological, psychosocial, and social factors
there is patient responsibility because lifestyle has an influence
what are the obligations of the social system in the sick role
demonstrate motivation to get well
seek technically competent medical help and co-operate with the clinician
what are the rights of the social system in the sick role
exemption from normal role responsibilities
not to be held responsible for their sickness
what are the obligations of the dr in the sick role
to be technically competent
to be affectively neutral and objective
what are the rights of the dr in the sick role
to be treated by society as a professional, with a degree of independence
to be allowed access to taboo areas, such as the sick persons body
what is determinism
we are determined by social structures
what is voluntarism
individual has free will
what is the definition of expertise
expert opinion or knowledge often obtained through the action of submitting a matter to and its consideration by experts
the quality or state of being expert, skill, or expertness in a particular branch of study or report
what is the definition of belief
mental conviction
what is medical dominance
professions authority to determine what is to be counted a sickness
over patients and other professions in terms of division of health-related labour
why has medical dominance declined
the rise of managerialism in the health service
developments in nursing practice
the increasing importance of patient voices in health
changing social conceptualisations of expertise
what are the 4 typologies of caring
carers as resources
carers as co workers
carers as co-clients
superseded carers
what is health inequity
refers to avoidable differences in health between different groups of people
result of unfair systems that negatively affect peoples living condition, access to healthcare, and overall health status
what are the 4 mechanisms of health inequalities
behavioural model
psychosocial model
materialist model
life-course model
what is social gerontology
the study of social aspects of ageing and of ageing populations
what is chronological ageing
how old a person is in terms of time since birth
what is biological ageing
changes in a persons physical state that accompany chronological ageing
what is functional age
defined on the basis of functional measures of daily living
what is social ageing
social expectations about how older people should behave or appear as they grow older
