Modalities

Question 0

What are the 2 types of ultrasound frequencies?

Answer 0

3mHz

1mHz

Question 1

How does Ultrasound work?

Answer 1

Deep heating
Tissues w/ high collagen (more significant heating than skin/fat)
Works via vibrating waves
Depth of penetration depends on frequency head

Question 2

How deep does 3mHz penetrate?

Answer 2

Superficial, transmits <1-1.5 cm

Question 3

How deep does 1mHz penetrate?

Answer 3

Deeper than 3mHz, up to 6cm deep

~<3 cm

Question 4

How is ultrasound intensity measured?

Answer 4

W/cm squared

Tissue damage can occur if intensity is too high

Question 5

What is the Treatment Length for Ultrasound?

Answer 5

~5-10mins

Question 6

How should Ultrasound be applied?

Answer 6

Direct skin contact w/gel

In water, not touching skin, small areas with warm water

Question 7

What are some indications for Ultrasound?

Answer 7

Superficial wound healing, deep tissue healing
Joint adhesions/contractures
Spasticity/muscle guarding
Bone healing

Question 8

Contraindications for Ultrasound?

Answer 8

Infection
Stress #
Thrombophlebitis 
Eyes, heart, skull, spine or genitals 
Implanted pacemakers

Question 9

Why is Electrotherapy used?

Answer 9

Decrease pain
Increase blood flow, ROM, muscle strength
Re-educate muscles

Question 10

How long should Electrotherapy be applied for?

Answer 10

~10-15 mins

Question 11

What is Pulse Duration for Electrotherapy?

Answer 11

Length of single pulse

Powerful muscle contractions generated w/a pulse duration of 300-500 microseconds

Question 12

What is Frequency with regards to Electrotherapy?

Answer 12

Number of pulses per second
Low frequency (40 pps no relaxation occurs & max muscle contraction

Question 13

What is Electrotherapy Amplitude?

Answer 13

Measure of force/intensity that drives current

Causes ions to move

Question 14

How does TENS work?

Answer 14

Decrease acute & chronic pain
Duration of analgesia is unpredictable
Works by -> gate control theory or to stimulate release of endorphins

Question 15

What are Indications of TENS

Answer 15

Decrease post traumatic pain
Decrease post-surgical pain
Increase analgesia

Question 16

What are contraindications of TENS

Answer 16

Pacemaker
Pregnancy (abdominal &/or pelvic area)
Pain of unknown origin
No stimulation over transthoracic area 
Discontinue if skin irritation 
Precautions (decrease sensation, skin lesions)

Question 17

What does NMES stand for?

Answer 17

neuromuscular electrical stimulation

Question 18

What does NMES do?

Answer 18

Elicit muscle contraction of moderately increase intensity w/little patient discomfort
Biphasic currents w/duty cycle
Reduce edema, pain & muscle, spasm, delay muscle atrophy, maintain muscle size & strength
Re-education of muscles & increase blood flow to tissue

Question 19

Indications for NMES?

Answer 19

Residual/chronic muscle spasm
Muscle strains
Cast immobilization/disuse atrophy
Pain

Question 20

Contraindications of NMES?

Answer 20

Person w/pacemaker
Over heart/brain
Recent non-union # 
Potential malignancies 
Cautions: impaired sensations, skin lesions, decrease ROM, extensive torn tissue

Question 21

Indications for Interferential Stimulation

Answer 21

Acute pain
Chronic pain
Pain that covers
Muscle spasm (by decrease pain)

Question 22

Contraindications of Interferential Stimulation

Answer 22

Hx of implanted pacemaker
Heart disease 
No Rx on transthoracic area
Stop use if skin irritation occurs
Precautions: impaired sensation, skin lesions

Question 23

How does Cryotherapy work?

Answer 23

Leads to decreased:
Cell metabolism, inflammation, circulation, pain perception, muscle spasm, muscle force production, increase tissue stiffness

Question 24

Indications of Cryotherapy

Answer 24

Acute/chronic pain
Acute/chronic muscle spasm
Superficial/1* burns
Neuralgia

Question 25

Contraindications of Cryotherapy

Answer 25

Decrease cold sensitivity &/or hypersensitivity
Cold allergy/cold induced urticaria
Circulatory/sensory impairment
Raynauds, hypertension, nerve palsy, arthritis
Advanced diabetes, uncovered open wounds, lupus

Question 26

What are the 3 types of cold application?

Answer 26

Re-usable cold packs
Ice massage
Ice immersion

Question 27

When is ice immersion used?

Answer 27

Used to reduce temp quickly over entire surface of extremity
Used during inflammatory phase
Cold with pain, able to do ROM exercise

Question 28

When is ice massage used?

Answer 28

Performed over small area & not for an acute injury

Used for performing ROM exercises

Question 29

What is Cryokinetics?

Answer 29

Cold application to numb injured body part & graded progressive active exercises
Most effective form if Rx for ankle sprains

Question 30

When is Thermotherapy used?

Answer 30

During the proliferative phase
Heat can;
Increase circulation & cellular metabolism
Produce analgesic or sedative effect
Assist in resolution of pain & muscle guarding spasms

Question 31

Indications for Thermotherapy

Answer 31

Decrease swelling, edema
Reduce muscle spasm/guarding
Increase blood flow:
Increase ROM prior actively, resolve hematoma, facilitate tissue healing, relieve joint contractures

Question 32

Contraindications for Thermotherapy

Answer 32

Acute inflammation/injury
Impaired/poor circulation/sensation, impaired thermal regulation
Advanced arthritis, thrombophlebitis
Malignancy/neoplasms

Question 33

How do whirlpool tanks work?

Answer 33

Increase skin temp, reduces muscle spasm, pain & facilitate ROM exercises

Question 34

How do Paraffin Baths

Answer 34

Provide head to contoured bony areas

Rx subacute/chronic RA, joint stiffness & decrease ROM

Question 35

What is the Inverse 2 Law?

Answer 35

Distance between energy tissue doubles, intensity of energy decreases by 4