modalities

Question 1

ultrasound contraindications

Answer 1

pregnancy
pacemaker
thrombophlebitis (clots)
cancer
joint cement
plastic/metal components
eyes
reproductive organs
CSN tissue

precautions:
acute inflammation
epiphyseal plates
fractures

Question 2

TENS

Answer 2

high-frequency: 50-80us, 100-150Hz, up ro 24hr/day
low-frequency: acupuncture-like 200-300us, 2-10Hz, up to 20-30 mins

contraindications: pregnancy, pacemaker, clots, unstable arrhymias, carotid sinus

Question 3

IFC

Answer 3

IFC parameters Hz 80-100, high frequency tens 80-120, low frequency 1-10 acupuncture like

Question 4

Laser/LLLT

Answer 4

light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation

indications: soft tissue healing, bone healing, pain, inflammatory conditions, lymphedema, neurological conditions

contraindications: malignancy, 4-6 months after radiation, eyes, hemorrhaging areas, over endocrine glands

precautions: pregnancy, epiphyseal plates (children), impaired sensation/mentation, high photosensitivity,

Question 5

hydrotherapy

Answer 5

buoyancy - decreases stress and compression on WB joints, muscles and connective tissues and helps raise weak body parts against gravity
resistance - increases in relation to speed
hydrostatic pressure - increases in proportion to depth of water

cardiovascular effects - increased venous circulation, increased cardiac output, decreased HR, SBP and rate of oxygen uptake in response to ex’s

Question 6

compression

Answer 6

improves venous and lymphatic circulation, increases tissue temp and reduces size/shape of tissue

indications: edema, prevention of DVT, residual limb shaping, control of heterotrophic scarring

contraindications: heart failure/pulmonary edema, DVT, obstructed lymphatic return, severe PAD, acute trauma/fracture