Mod West Mid-Term for Chantel and Friends Flashcards
Jacques-Louis David
Frenchman who supported the revolution and later Napoleon, Left France after the fall of Napoleon, Painted history.
Vivaldi
Did most of his work in Venice, Composed over 40 operas, Best known for violin concertos.
Johann Sebastian Bach
German Lutheran church Musician, Best known to us for his organ, often incorporating hymns. (Von Himmel Koch da komm ice her, Toccata and Fugue in D Minor)
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
Child prodigy who played for royalty at age five, family traveled playing music Employed by Hapsburg court which brought fame but little money, Eine Kleine Nachtmusik
Ludwig Von Beethoven
Considered one of the greatest composers of all time, A transition from Classical music to the later Romantic music, best known for his nine symphonies
power & riches of Catholic Church by the 17th century
In some nations like France, the church owned up to 1/3 the land, Many court cases went to ecclesiastical courts, clergy encouraged to obey Rome above their kings.
Edict of Nantes
Granted the Calvinist Protestants of France (Huguenots) substantial rights in France.
Palace of Versailles
Louis XIV expanded versailles into a palace, adding several other wings
Impact of the wars of Louis XIV
Famines and destruction of crops in warfare killed 2 million French people, Louis lost lands he had conquered earlier in his reign, France nearly bankrupt.
Presbyterian vs. Anglican Churches
James had been raised in Scottish presbyterian church and Now he became head of Anglican Church, James unsuccessfully tried to get agreement between Anglican and Presbyterian churches.
King James Bible
James I Commissioned the King James translation of the Bible
English Civil War
Charles controlled Northern England and raised an arm, Parliament controlled London and the South and had militia and control of the navy, The House of Commons put Charles on trial for treason for placing his own personal interest ahead of the country, although the majority of members refused to participate, Charles was found guilty and beheaded in 1649.
Puritan laws of English Common wealth
Puritan law passed banning dancing, drinking, theater and forcing Sunday observance .
Simon Bolivar
George Washington of south America
Jose San Martin
San Martin built a navy to take his army North to Peru, Along with Bolivar was able to free Peru from Spanish Control, Considered Liberator of the South but was not leader of any nation so he retired to Europe
Voltaire
Decided that British Constitutional Monarchy was far superior to French Autocracy Advocated: Freedom of religion, Freedom of speech, Separation of church and state.
Thomas Hobbes
Tried to uncover the natural laws of government and society, By nature man is greedy and places his desires above others, Social compact is needd
John Locke
Each person is born a Tabula Rasa (The rational mind and experiences build a person’s morality) Seen as Father of “Liberalism”
Jean Rousseau
Believed man pure by nature but corrupted by society, Developed idea of “Social Contract” (The general will of the people as whole decides the law, Individuals must subordinate their will to the will of everyone as a whole. )
Rene Descartes
Frenchman who made greatest claims to fame while working in the Netherlands, Father of analytical geometry, A philosopher who began rationalism
Baron Montesquieu
In his histories the theorized that even if great men like Caesar hadn’t existed, others would have taken their place, Most important idea for government was the separation of powers.
Adam Smith
Scottish economist and philosopher, idea of a free-market economy, Self-interest and competition can lead to prosperity, Laws of supply and demand will lead markets to equilibrium
Galileo
Used newly invented telescope to confirm Copernicus’ theory, Tried to explain the tides as because of motion around the sun, but wrong, Began developing laws of motion.
Nicholas Copernicus
Published On the Revolution of the Heavenly Orbs, Proposed a Heliocentric model
Issac Newton
Discovered “laws” of science but attributed them to God’s power and maintenance of this world (Laws of motion, theory of gravity, One of the Fathers of calculus, worked with prisms to divide white light into colors and vice-versa)
Francis Bacon
Philosopher also involved in English politics, Developed Scientific Method, became an inductive and reasoned manner to do research and study phenomena
Antoine Lavoisier
Proved that fire was not an element, Instead discovered the first element - Oxygen
Antonie Von Leewenhoek
Using a microscope he discovered bacteria
Robert Hooke
Worked under Boyle and discovered living organism made of cells
Glorius Revolution
James II Issued Declaration of Indulence to negate laws punishing Catholics and Protestant dissenters, Despite having a larger army, James lost his nerve, tried to throw Great Seal of the Realm into the Thames James fled to France and William and Mary became King and Queen
Divisions of Poland
Weak government (Monarch had to be elected, Nobility expanded power with each election of a monarch, A single vote of a noble could veto legislation) Partitioned by Austria, Prussia, and Russia
Hapsburgs
Still held title of Holy Roman Emperors, Lands in Austria and Bohemia most strongly under Hapsburg control, Also ruled many other nationalities
Four “elements of the Middle Ages”
Earth, Water, Air, Fire
Medical belief in four humors,
Black bile, Yellow Bile, Phlegm, and Blood
Bloodletting
Belief that four humors must be kept in balance
Ptolemaic View of Solar System
Earth at the center planets kept in motion by angels and influenced life on earth
Prussian Army
Russian army retreated and refused to fight, Moscow captured, but Russia refused to surrender
Makeup of Estates General
1st Estate (The Clergy) 2nd Estate (The Nobility) 3rd Estate (Common People)
Bastille
stormed on July 14, 1789
Tennis Court Oath
the members of the French Third Estate took the Tennis Court Oath, vowing “not to separate and to reassemble wherever circumstances require, until the constitution of the kingdom is established”
Declaration of Rights of Man
All men equal, Religious toleration, taxation on ability to pay.
Committee of Public Safety
Maximilian Robespierre headed 12 man committee dominating power, Drafed 800,000 unmarried men between 18 and 25, Attempt to create “republic of Virtue”
Effort of Abolish Christianity in Revolutionary France
Republic of Virtue (Ignorance and superstition would be abolished, All would have right to education and basic subsistence, No More extremes of wealth or power, New Calendar and 10 day week created to eliminate Sundays)
Napoleonic Code
Created uniform laws for civil cases, All males equal (women could not vote or own property) Freedom of religion, Church and state separate, Individuals free to choose careers,
Battle Trafalgar
The Battle of Trafalgar was a naval engagement fought by the British Royal Navy against the combined fleets of the French and Spanish navies during the War of the Third Coalition of the Napolonic Wars
Continental System
Nations in Europe forbidden to t trade with British
Elba
Napoleons’s place of exile in 1814-15
St Helena
Place of Napoleon Bonaparte’s exile and death
Hundred Days of Napoleon
In February 1815 he escaped and returned to France, Soldiers sent to arrest him joined him and he was restored as French Emperor, British and Prussian armies gathered to oppose him, Napoleon defeated again at Waterloo in June 1815
Peninsulars
Whites from Spain were political and church leadres
Creoles
Whites born in colonies were landowners, merchants, traders
Mestizos
People of mixed white and Indian ancestry could be artisans but could not join guild, also were farmers
Mulattos
White, Indian and Black ancestry, like mestizos but also had to pay tribute to their rulers
Problems in South American governments
Almost all Spanish provinces in Latin America had become independent, Borders not clear which led to further fighting, No strong bonds to tie people to new nations that were created, No governments clearly represented the people which led to numerous coups and ever-changing governments, Political turmoil and other issues continue in many of these nations even today.
