Mod 7-8 Quiz

Question 1

Burden of Disease Caused by communicable diseases

Answer 1

• Caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites
• Used to be leading cause of death and disability
• Last half of 20th century showed brief respite due to vaccines and elimination programs
• Turmoil in 2000s due to antibiotic resistance and failure to sustain elimination programs
• Potential of pandemic (COVID)
• Solutions: public health management and interventions

Question 2

Koch’s Postulates: 4 Conditions to Establish Contributory Cause

Answer 2

• Evidence of an epidemiological association between the organism and disease
• Isolation of organism from most infected cases
• Ongoing transmission, establishing pathogen is contributor cause of disease

Question 3

Identify the routes of communicable diseases transmission

Answer 3

• Route of transmission: anatomical and physical methods for transmission from person to person and from animal species to humans
• Asymptomatic Transmission: ability to transmit the disease while humans or animals are free of symptoms (carrier)

Question 4

What is R0?

Answer 4

• Reproduction ratio
• Measure of inherent transmissibility
• Measure average # of infections produced by infected person exposed to a susceptible population
• Depends on route of transmission and presence of asymptomatic transmission

Question 5

What are the public health tools that are available to address burden of disease and prevent communicable diseases?

Answer 5

• Barrier protections
• Vaccinations
• Screening and case finding
• Contact Treatment
• Efforts to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment

Question 6

Barrier Protections

Answer 6

• Insecticide: decrease malaria transmission
• Condoms
• Masks
• Isolation and quarantine

Question 7

Vaccinations

Answer 7

• Strengthen immune system to prevent disease
• Passive immunity
• Inactivated and live vaccines
• Create herd immunity

Question 8

Screening and case finding

Answer 8

• Screening controls spread of infections, contract tracing
• Linked with case finding
  
  • Confidential interviewing of those diagnosed with disease
• Key to control syphilis and TB before and affect effective treatment

Question 9

Contact Treatment

Answer 9

prevention of contact with disease

Question 10

Efforts to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment

Answer 10

• Treatment of symptomatic reduce risk of infectivity
• Epidemiological Treatment: treatment of contacts, effective in controlling the # of people with disease

Question 11

What does it mean if R0 is greater than 1?

Answer 11

Indicates infection can increase over time -> produce epidemic

Question 12

What are the big 3 communicable diseases?

Answer 12

• HIV/AIDS
• TB
• Malaria

Question 13

Causes of Drug Resistance

Answer 13

• Overuse of prescribed antibiotics
• over the counter sales of antibiotics
• Widespread use in agricultural animals

Question 14

What is DOT?

Answer 14

• directly observed therapy
• Effective even in presence of drug resistance
• ensures complete adherence to treatment by observing individuals taking treatment at certain intervals

Question 15

Agent

Answer 15

Factor, like microorganism, who presence, excessive presence, or relative absence is essential for occurrence of disease

Question 16

Anthroponoses

Answer 16

Diseases that can transfer human to animal

Question 17

Carrier

Answer 17

• A person or animal without symptoms who can spread an infectious agent to others.
  -It can be short or long term, occurring during different stages of illness.

Question 18

Disease Control

Answer 18

Reducing the # of new infections, # of people currently infected, and # who become sick/ die from disease in local settings

Question 19

How can malaria be controlled?

Answer 19

Bed net, mosquito control and treatment

Question 20

Elimination of a disease

Answer 20

Reduction to zero of incidence of a disease in a specific area from deliberate efforts taken to eradicate it, still need to take intervention measures

Question 21

Endemic

Answer 21

Disease is constantly present at certain geographical location

Question 22

Epidemic

Answer 22

large increase in new cases of disease in certain geographical area

Question 23

Eradication of Disease

Answer 23

Like elimination of disease except intervention measures no longer needed

Question 24

Incidence

Answer 24

Number of new cases of a disease

Question 25

Pandemic

Answer 25

Significant global increase in prevalence of a disease, COVID

Question 26

Reservoir

Answer 26

Habitat where infectious agent lives, grows, multiplies - Human, animal, or environment

Question 27

Reservoir host

Answer 27

- Host serves as source of infection and potential reinfection of humans or animals - means of sustaining a parasite when not infecting humans

Question 28

Vector

Answer 28

an animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host

Question 29

Zoonoses

Answer 29

infectious disease that is transmissible under normal conditions from animals to humans

Question 30

Environmental Risk Assessment

Answer 30

examines environmental risks that may pose a threat to animals, people or ecosystems

Question 31

Scope of Environmental Health

Answer 31

- Impact of the environment on human health - Influences all aspects of our lives

Question 32

Scope of morbidity and mortality caused by physical environment

Answer 32

- DALYs -> report impact of environmental factors - Air pollution has greatest environmental impact on health

Question 33

Significance of DALYS

Answer 33

- May not see real impact when measured only in terms of mortality without disability

Question 34

Interactions between humans and environment

Answer 34

- Route of exposure (can determine impact): skin, lungs, GI track - Timing of exposure: short or long, low or high dose - Stage of life: age, pregnant - Other diseases - Special sensitivities: allergies

Question 35

Risk Assessment

Answer 35

Aims to measure the potential impact of 1 known hazard, focuses only on health impacts on humans, assumption each exposure stands on its own

Question 36

Public Health Assessment

Answer 36

Goes beyond risk assessment by including data on actual exposure in a community, boarder than risk assessment, only on basis of human health

Question 37

Ecological Risk Assessment

Answer 37

Follows impacts of pollution on plants and animals in a natural ecosystem

Question 38

Interaction Analysis

Answer 38

- Takes into account exposure of two or more containment, 2nd exposure can exastribute the first - Smoking and radon example -> increase chances of lung cancer

Question 39

Intentional Injuries

Answer 39

injuries that are brought about on purpose, whether the injury is self-inflicted or meant for others

Question 40

Unintentional Injuries

Answer 40

More common than intentional, injuries not done on purpose like car crashes, drowning, falls, etc.

Question 41

Environmental Justice

Answer 41

- Environmental risks are not uniformly distributed across groups of people - Age, poverty, social status

Question 42

WHO 3 main objectives

Answer 42

- Promote actions that both reduce carbon emissions and improve health - Build better, more climate-resilient and environmentally sustainable health systems - Protect health from wide range of impacts of climate change