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HM 101 > Mod 7-8 Quiz > Flashcards

Mod 7-8 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Burden of Disease Caused by communicable diseases

A
  • Caused by bacteria, viruses, parasites
  • Used to be leading cause of death and disability
  • Last half of 20th century showed brief respite due to vaccines and elimination programs
  • Turmoil in 2000s due to antibiotic resistance and failure to sustain elimination programs
  • Potential of pandemic (COVID)
  • Solutions: public health management and interventions
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2
Q

Koch’s Postulates: 4 Conditions to Establish Contributory Cause

A
  • Evidence of an epidemiological association between the organism and disease
  • Isolation of organism from most infected cases
  • Ongoing transmission, establishing pathogen is contributor cause of disease
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3
Q

Identify the routes of communicable diseases transmission

A
  • Route of transmission: anatomical and physical methods for transmission from person to person and from animal species to humans
  • Asymptomatic Transmission: ability to transmit the disease while humans or animals are free of symptoms (carrier)
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4
Q

What is R0?

A
  • Reproduction ratio
  • Measure of inherent transmissibility
  • Measure average # of infections produced by infected person exposed to a susceptible population
  • Depends on route of transmission and presence of asymptomatic transmission
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5
Q

What are the public health tools that are available to address burden of disease and prevent communicable diseases?

A
  • Barrier protections
  • Vaccinations
  • Screening and case finding
  • Contact Treatment
  • Efforts to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment
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6
Q

Barrier Protections

A
  • Insecticide: decrease malaria transmission
  • Condoms
  • Masks
  • Isolation and quarantine
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7
Q

Vaccinations

A
  • Strengthen immune system to prevent disease
  • Passive immunity
  • Inactivated and live vaccines
  • Create herd immunity
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8
Q

Screening and case finding

A
  • Screening controls spread of infections, contract tracing
  • Linked with case finding
    • Confidential interviewing of those diagnosed with disease
  • Key to control syphilis and TB before and affect effective treatment
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9
Q

Contact Treatment

A

prevention of contact with disease

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10
Q

Efforts to maximize effectiveness of treatments and prevent resistance to treatment

A
  • Treatment of symptomatic reduce risk of infectivity
  • Epidemiological Treatment: treatment of contacts, effective in controlling the # of people with disease
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11
Q

What does it mean if R0 is greater than 1?

A

Indicates infection can increase over time -> produce epidemic

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12
Q

What are the big 3 communicable diseases?

A
  • HIV/AIDS
  • TB
  • Malaria
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13
Q

Causes of Drug Resistance

A
  • Overuse of prescribed antibiotics
  • over the counter sales of antibiotics
  • Widespread use in agricultural animals
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14
Q

What is DOT?

A
  • directly observed therapy
  • Effective even in presence of drug resistance
  • ensures complete adherence to treatment by observing individuals taking treatment at certain intervals
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15
Q

Agent

A

Factor, like microorganism, who presence, excessive presence, or relative absence is essential for occurrence of disease

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16
Q

Anthroponoses

A

Diseases that can transfer human to animal

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17
Q

Carrier

A
  • A person or animal without symptoms who can spread an infectious agent to others.
    -It can be short or long term, occurring during different stages of illness.
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18
Q

Disease Control

A

Reducing the # of new infections, # of people currently infected, and # who become sick/ die from disease in local settings

19
Q

How can malaria be controlled?

A

Bed net, mosquito control and treatment

20
Q

Elimination of a disease

A

Reduction to zero of incidence of a disease in a specific area from deliberate efforts taken to eradicate it, still need to take intervention measures

21
Q

Endemic

A

Disease is constantly present at certain geographical location

22
Q

Epidemic

A

large increase in new cases of disease in certain geographical area

23
Q

Eradication of Disease

A

Like elimination of disease except intervention measures no longer needed

24
Q

Incidence

A

Number of new cases of a disease

25
Q

Pandemic

A

Significant global increase in prevalence of a disease, COVID

26
Q

Reservoir

A

Habitat where infectious agent lives, grows, multiplies
- Human, animal, or environment

27
Q

Reservoir host

A
  • Host serves as source of infection and potential reinfection of humans or animals
  • means of sustaining a parasite when not infecting humans
28
Q

Vector

A

an animate intermediary in the indirect transmission of agent that carries the agent from a reservoir to a susceptible host

29
Q

Zoonoses

A

infectious disease that is transmissible under normal conditions from animals to humans

30
Q

Environmental Risk Assessment

A

examines environmental risks that may pose a threat to animals, people or ecosystems

31
Q

Scope of Environmental Health

A
  • Impact of the environment on human health
  • Influences all aspects of our lives
32
Q

Scope of morbidity and mortality caused by physical environment

A
  • DALYs -> report impact of environmental factors
  • Air pollution has greatest environmental impact on health
33
Q

Significance of DALYS

A
  • May not see real impact when measured only in terms of mortality without disability
34
Q

Interactions between humans and environment

A
  • Route of exposure (can determine impact): skin, lungs, GI track
  • Timing of exposure: short or long, low or high dose
  • Stage of life: age, pregnant
  • Other diseases
  • Special sensitivities: allergies
35
Q

Risk Assessment

A

Aims to measure the potential impact of 1 known hazard, focuses only on health impacts on humans, assumption each exposure stands on its own

36
Q

Public Health Assessment

A

Goes beyond risk assessment by including data on actual exposure in a community, boarder than risk assessment, only on basis of human health

37
Q

Ecological Risk Assessment

A

Follows impacts of pollution on plants and animals in a natural ecosystem

38
Q

Interaction Analysis

A
  • Takes into account exposure of two or more containment, 2nd exposure can exastribute the first
  • Smoking and radon example -> increase chances of lung cancer
39
Q

Intentional Injuries

A

injuries that are brought about on purpose, whether the injury is self-inflicted or meant for others

40
Q

Unintentional Injuries

A

More common than intentional, injuries not done on purpose like car crashes, drowning, falls, etc.

41
Q

Environmental Justice

A
  • Environmental risks are not uniformly distributed across groups of people
  • Age, poverty, social status
42
Q

WHO 3 main objectives

A
  • Promote actions that both reduce carbon emissions and improve health
  • Build better, more climate-resilient and environmentally sustainable health systems
  • Protect health from wide range of impacts of climate change
43
Q
A

HM 101 (6 decks)

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