Mod 4-6 Quiz Flashcards
Relationship b/t social/behavioral science and public health
- Share belief that understanding organization and motivation behind social factors coupled with behavior of people can improve lives (individual and society)
- Address inequalities that developed during Industrial Revolution for social justice
- Shape norms, enforce patterns of social control
- Encourage selection of healthy behaviors as a coping strategy
Great Economic Wealth
Healthier living conditions, improved sanitation, safer methods for cooking
Higher education level
Encourage safe behavior, provide protection against disease
Lower socioeconomic status
Exposed to health hazards
Socioeconomic status and racism affect health
Living conditions, education opportunities, educational opportunities for women, exposures, access to goods, family size, high-risk behavior
Culture and how affects health
- Food preferences
- Beliefs about exercise
- Health-care seeking behaviors
- Social support
- Acceptance of traditional or Western medicine
- Adherence to treatment
Religion and how affects health
- Attitudes towards condom, alcohol, tobacco
- Prohibition of blood transfusions or abortions
- Encourage coping strategies like prayer
- Food avoidance
- Response to diseases and interventions
Role of theory in health behavior
- Explore factors within social systems, offering strategies that can be used to alter these factors to address health issues within a population
- How a new idea, product, social practice is spread and adopted to a population
Social determinants of health
Social status, social support/alienation, food, housing ,education, work, stress, transportation, place, access to health services
Health Belief Model
a person’s belief in a personal threat of an illness or disease along with the belief in the effectiveness in the required behavior change or action will predict the likelihood a person would change the behavior
4 P’s of Social marketing
- Product: identifying the behavior or innovation that is being marketed
- Price: identifying the benefits, the barriers, and financial costs
- Place: identifying the target audiences and how to reach them
- Promotion: organizing a campaign or program to reach the target audiences
Branding to implement 4 p’s
- Words and symbols that help the target audience identify with the service
- Clear understanding of the product or behavior to be changed
Stages of Change Model
Stage 1: Pre-contemplation
- individual not considering change, assess readiness for change
Stage 2: Contemplation
- person thinks about health risk and action required to reduce risk, no action is planned yet (motivate change)
Stage 3: Preparation
- Intends to take action, prepare and develop plan change
Stage 4: Action
- observable changes with potential relapse, reinforce change (suggest tangible rewards)
Stage 5: Maintenance
- works to sustain the behavior change, practice methods for keeping up new behavior
2 strategies when public health education is not effective
- Motivation: use of incentives (ex. increases insurance rates for those unvaccinated)
- Obligation: laws that obligate acceptance (vaccine mandates for entry into K-12)
Police Power
- Use of authority that allows states to pass legislation and take actions to protect the common good
- Limited by rights
- US Constitution grants individual rights
Negative Constitution
Principle that the US Constitution allows but does not require government to act to protect public health or to provide healthcare services
Interstate Commerce Clause of US Constitution
- Provides federal government with authority to tax, spend, and regulate interstate commerce
Constitutional Law
a form of law based on US constitution of constitution of a state
Legislative Statutes
type of law that includes statutes passed by legislative bodies at federal, state, local levels
Administrative Regulations
type of law produced by executive agencies of federal, state, and local governments
Judicial Law (common law)
law made by courts when applying administrative law to specific cases
Healthy People
- Large # of private and public organizations
- Sets evidence-based national objectives aimed at improving the health of the population
- Allows us to monitor progress toward achieving health people and pops
- “Need to attain health equity to improve-health outcomes”
Market Justice
- Market forces should be relied upon to organize the delivery of healthcare services, based on ability to pay
- Health care -> economic good
- Medical care distribution based on people’s ability to pay
- Individual well-being
Social Justice
- Aims to provide fair treatment and fair share of reward of society to individuals or groups
- Health care -> social resource
- Ability to pay not important, equal access is most important
- Community well-being
Self Imposed Risk
- Risk an individual knowingly and willingly takes on through his or her own actions
- Ex. choosing not to wear a motorcycle helmet
Imposed Risk
- Risk to individuals and populations that is out of their direct control
- Ex. toxins from a factor
Belmont Report
- Defines right of research subjects and outlines ethical principles (Respect for persons, beneficence, justice)
Respect for Persons
- Autonomy, protect those with diminished autonomy
- Treated as autonomous agents
- Entitled to protection
- Right to informed consent
Beneficence
- Do no harm
- Maximize benefits and minimize harms
Justice
- Fairness in distribution, equals ought to be treated equally
- 2 aspects:
- health improvement for the population
- fair treatment of the disadvantaged
Jacobsen v. Massachusetts 1905
“Has to give up freedoms to take advantage of benefits of society”
Distribution of health follows
distribution of wealth
Epidemiological transition
Changing pattern of disease that has been seen in many countries as they have experienced social/economic development
Underdeveloped countries
- Communicable diseases, microbial agents
- maternal and perinatal conditions
- nutritional disorders
- death in children from infection
Developed Countries
- noncommunicable diseases (cardiovascular, cancer, respiratory disease, diabetes)
- malnutrition and obesity side-by-side
Screening
- Testing individuals who are asymptomatic for a particular disease as part of a strategy to diagnose a disease or identify a risk factor
- Aim to detect earlier to improve outcome
4 Criteria for Screening
- Disease produces substantial death and/or disability
- Early detection is possible and improves outcome
- There is a feasible testing strategy for screening
- Screening is acceptable in terms of harms, costs, and patient acceptance
Sensitivity
The probability of a positive test when the disease is present (People with illness, 100% true positives and 0% false negatives)
Specificity
The probability of a negative test when the disease is absent (Patients without illness, 100% true negatives and 0% false positives)
Multiple Risk Factor Intervention
- simultaneous efforts to reduce more than one risk factor
- Most effective when there are groups of risk factors that cluster in groups of people
- Useful when two or more risk factors increases the risk more than would be expected by adding together the impact of each risk factor
Population with individual interventions
Ex. Suicide
- Question: Directly asking whether an individual is thinking about suicide or wants to kill themselves.
- Persuade: Convincing an individual to get help, ideally immediately and without leaving the person with suicidal intent alone
- Refer: Personally escorting to obtain mental health care and least assisting them to make arrangements for care and obtaining their agreement to follow through
What is the aim of Cost and Net-effectiveness
Decreased costs and increased effectiveness
