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HM 101 > Mod 1-2 Quiz > Flashcards

Mod 1-2 Quiz Flashcards

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1
Q

Explain the Steps in evidence-based public health process (P.E.R.I.E)

A
  • Problem: what is the health problem (what)
    Person, place, time -> describe using rates (ex. Case fatality)
  • Etiology: What is/are the contributory causes?
    What contributes to disease -> use math tools and biostatistics
    Population compares -> generate hypotheses
    Ex. Cause and effect w/ smoking cigs and lung cancer
    3 studies
    Case-control or retrospective -> establish individual association
    Cohort/ prospective -> establish the cause and effect
    Randomized trials or studies -> how does changing the cause affect the effect
  • Recommendations: what works to reduce the effects
    Evidence from above steps summarized and interventions are suggested
  • Implementation: the how can we change this?
    Use “when-who-how” approach
    When -> ask about timing of disease when intervention occurs
    Who -> who to direct intervention too
    How -> how to implement interventions
  • Evaluation: how well does the intervention work?
    Look at how well implementations have lowered health impact on disease
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2
Q

Public health terms of morbidity and mortality

A

Burden of disease -> how much morbidity and morality occur due to a disease

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3
Q

Describe the course of a disease in terms of incidence, prevalence, and case-fatality

A

How often, how likely to be present, and what happens when it occurs?

Case Fatality: the chances of dying from a condition once it is diagnosed

Incidence Rate = # of new cases in a year/# of people in the at-risk population (measure chances of developing the disease)

Prevalence Rate = # of people living with the disease / # in at-risk population (point in time, those with it at the time)

Prevalence = Incidence x duration

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4
Q

How does distribution of disease may be used to generate hypotheses about the cause of a disease

A

Allows epidemiologists to find group associations or patterns in the frequency of a disease

Examine to understand
Person -> demographic like behaviors, characteristics
Place -> geographic location, people connections
Time

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5
Q

Describe the approach used in public health to identify a contributory cause of a disease

A

Cause is associated with effect at the individual level
- Case-Control Studies

Cause precedes effect in time
-Cohort Studies

Altering the cause alters the effect
- Randomized Controlled Trials or Natural Experiments

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6
Q

Explain the upstream/downstream metaphor for public health approaches

A
  • Pulling bodies out of the river downstream and public health people go upstream to see why people are falling in the river in the first place
  • Addressing problems early on, focus on preventive measures (upstream)
  • addressing treatment when disease is already present (downstream)

-Ex. addressing malnutrition in a low-income community by making access to healthy foods more affordable

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7
Q

Epidemiology Video definition

A
  • the science that considers the demographic, the geographic and the temporal distribution of exposures and outcomes and the causative relationship between them
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8
Q

Epidemiology Video Distribution and Causation

A
  • Distribution: how various diseases or states of health are distributed in society (outcomes and exposures)
  • Causation: extent to which these exposures really do or don’t translate into changes in outcomes or the health status of people and populations
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9
Q

Core Disciplines

A
  • biostatistics
  • epidemiology
  • environmental health science
  • health policy management
  • social/ behavioral sciences
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10
Q

Burden of Disease

A

the occurrence of disability and death due to a disease

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11
Q

Morbidity

A

disability

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12
Q

Mortality

A

death

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13
Q

Course of Disease

A

asks how often the disease occurs, how likely it is to occur again, and what happens once it does occur

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14
Q

Rate

A

any type of measurement that has a numerator and a denominator where the numerator is a subset of the denominator

  • Numerator measures number of times event occurs (individuals)
  • Denominator measures the number of times the event could occur
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15
Q

Case Definition

A

define the criteria they are using to measure the occurrence of the disease

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16
Q

Incidence Rates

A

measure the chances of developing a disease over a period of time (# of new cases of disease during the year / # of people in the at-risk population)

  • Helps establish the cause of the problem (etiology)
  • Morality rates -> measure burden of disease
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17
Q

Case-Fatality

A

the chances of dying from a condition once it is diagnosed

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18
Q

RE-AIM

A

Reach, effectiveness, adoption, implementation, maintenance

  • RE -> evaluating the potential of the intervention for those it is designed to include or reach (often applied beyond groups that were investigated)
  • AIM -> examine the acceptance of the intervention in clinical and public practice in short and long term
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19
Q

Population Health

A

the totality of all evidence-based public and private efforts throughout the life cycle that preserve and promote health and prevent disease, disability, and death

Focuses on the big picture issues and determinants of disease

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20
Q

Public Health

A

all we do together to promote and preserve health and prevent disease, disability, and death

Focus more on health promotions and disease prevention for populations

Addresses health at a population level

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21
Q

Health

A

physical, mental, and social well-being

Individual or population level

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22
Q

Give 3 examples of how public health affects everyday life

A

Vaccinations

Tabacco Control

car safety, like wearing a seatbelt

23
Q

Health Protection Era

A

up to 1830

Authority-based control of individual and community behaviors

24
Q

Hygiene Movement

A

1840s-1870

Sanitary conditions as basis for improved health

25
Q

Contagion Control

A

1880-1920s

Germ theory: demonstration of infectious origins of disease

26
Q

Filling Holes in the Medical Care system

A

1950s-mid 1980s
Integration of control of communicable disease, modification of risk factors, and care of high-risk populations as part of medical care

27
Q

Health Promotion/ Disease Prevention

A

Focus on individual behavior and disease detection in vulnerable and general populations

28
Q

Present Times

A

Population health era:
- Considers all of the ways society is affected by and responds to health issues

  • Evidence-based approaches
  • Addressing shared health concerns of society
29
Q

Determinants of Disease

A

underlying causes, the causes of causes

ex. smoking causes lung cancer but why does one smoke in the first place and how are they exposed to it

30
Q

BIGGEMS

A

Behavior: actions that increase exposure to factors that produce or protect one from disease (wearing or not wearing a seatbelt)

Infections: Direct cause of disease

Genetics: Roles genetic factors play in development of disease

Geography: influences the frequency and presence of disease, special locations required to produce disease

Environmental: Built environment, kind of connect with geographical

Medical Care: access to and quality of medical care (high amount of people vaccinated that could protect unvaccinated as well)

Socioeconomic-cultural: Education, income, and occupational status
Religion and cultural beliefs becoming a factor

31
Q

Differences between public health and medicine

A

Public Health:
- population
- public serve ethic
- prevention
- stimulated by threats to population health

Medicine:
- individual
- personal service ethic
- diagnosis and treat individual
- stimulated by needs of patients

32
Q

health care

A

Includes the delivery of services to individuals on a one-to-one basis

Ex. Services for those who are sick with diseases as well as asymptomatic

33
Q

Traditional public health

A

population based preventive idea by using interventions targeting communities/ populations along with vulnerable groups

  • Communicable disease control
  • Reduction of environmental hazards
  • Food and drug safety
  • Nutritional and behavior risk factors
34
Q

Shared goal of health care and traditional public health

A

directly affect the health of those they reach

35
Q

Public Policy Interventions

A

aims at achieving other non-health goals, interventions with another non-health-related purpose, which have SECONDARY impacts on health

ex. increase education, alter nutrition, address socioeconomic disparities through change in taxes, globalization

36
Q

Demographic Transition

A

impact of falling childhood death rates and extended life spans on the size and age distribution of populations

37
Q

Population Pyramids

A

useful for displaying the changes in the age distribution over time

38
Q

Epidemiological Transition (or public health transition)

A

As social and economic development occurs, different types of diseases become prominent

39
Q

Nutritional Transition

A

countries frequently move from poorly balanced diets to that of highly processed food -> cause over and under nutrition

40
Q

High-risk approach

A

focuses on populations at highest risk or greatest likelihood of developing disease

41
Q

Improving-the-average-approach

A

everyone is at risk (like getting the flu)

42
Q

Reducing Health disparities

A

linked to differences in access to healthcare, income, built environment, and other social determinants of health

43
Q

4 components of population health

A

Health issues
Historical: physical
Current: Physical and mental
Emerging: cosmetic, genetic, social functioning

Populations
Historical: geographically limited
Current: local, state, national, global, governmentally
Emerging: local, national, global communications

Society’s shared health concerns
Historical: communicable disease
Current: toxic substances, product and transportation safety, communicable diseases, costs of health care
Emerging: disasters, climate change, technology hazards, emerging infectious diseases

Society’s vulnerable groups
Historical: high-risk maternal and child, high-risk occupations
Current: disabled, frail elderly, uninsured
Emerging: immunosuppressed, genetic vulnerability

44
Q

Contributory Causes

A

the immediate causes of disease (HIV and smoking)

45
Q

Social Determinants of Health

A

Education access and quality

Economic stability

Healthcare access and quality

Neighborhood and built environment

Social and community context

46
Q

Video: Public Health

A

Population Based Approach

Upstream focus

Maintain health behaviors

Holistic treatment

Includes all of the organized and holistic efforts to improve policy, education, and access to make the healthiest choice the easiest choice

47
Q

Video Public Health: what do professionals do

A
  • Works to understand: gather information how we intervene and act (surveillance and research)
  • Understand their magnitude and distribution to allow interventions plans to be made
  • Act: prevention, care and treatment -> ensure health systems are in place to provide care
48
Q

How do Epidemiologists Investigate Explanations for changes in the distribution of disease?

A

May be artifactual rather than real for 3 different reasons
- differences or changes in interest in identifying the disease
- differences or changes in ability to identify disease
- differences of changes in the definition of the disease

49
Q

What is the Implication of a Group Association?

A

group association: a hypothesis that requires investigation at individual level

can be mislead by suggesting relationships that don’t exist at individual level and can indicate the presence of a confounding variable (a third variable in cause and effect)

50
Q

What does contributory cause imply?

A

implies the “cause” increases the chances of the “effect” happening

Note: does not guarantee a disease will develop or not develop (sufficient or necessary cause)

51
Q

Sufficient Cause

A

If cause present then disease will occur (A is sufficient to cause B)

52
Q

Necessary Cause

A

If cause is present, disease doesn’t always occur but can’t occur unless the cause is present

53
Q

Approaches to Population Health

A

Health Care: systems for delivering one-on-one individual health services, including those aimed at prevention

Traditional Public Health: group and community based interventions directed at health promotion and disease prevention

Social Interventions: non-health-related intervention that have 2nd impacts on health (increase education, alter nutrition)

HM 101 (6 decks)

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