Mod 5: Vaccines & Translational Immunology

Question 1

Virus:
Contains a modified strain of the disease-causing agent which as lost its pathogenic ability, but retains its capacity to replicate within the host

Answer 1

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

Question 2

Vaccine:
Advantage
-provides a prolonged exposure to the disease-causing agent, and is suitable to generate cell-mediated immunity
Disadvantages
-potential to revert to a virulent form
-requires specific storage and transportation conditions (e.g., refrigeration)

Answer 2

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

Question 3

Vaccine:
•smallpox vaccine
•oral poliovirus vaccine (Sabin)
•measles vaccine

Answer 3

Live-Attenuated Vaccine

Question 4

Vaccine:

• contains a strain of the disease-causing agent that has been inactivated by heat, chemicals, or radiation
• has to ability to generate an immune response, but it is unable to replicate

Answer 4

Kill-Inactivated Vaccine

Question 5

Vaccine:
Advantages
-safer option as it cannot mutate back to a virulent form
-easy to store and transport
Disadvantages
-generally requires multiple booster doses to maintain immunity
-generally must be administered by injection

Answer 5

Kill-Inactivated Vaccine

Question 6

Vaccine:
•rabis vaccine
•flu (influenza) vaccine

Answer 6

Kill-Inactivated Vaccine

Question 7

Vaccine:

-contain an inactivated toxin which is a product from the pathogen that is causing the disease

Answer 7

Toxoid Vaccine

Question 8

Vaccine:
Advantages
-safe as it is not a living organism that can divide, spread, and/or revert
-stable as they are less susceptible to changes in temperature, humidity, and light
Disadvantages
-may require several doses and usually need an adjuvant
–a substance that enhances the body’s immune response to an antigen

Answer 8

Toxoid Vaccine

Question 9

Vaccine:
•tetanus vaccine
•diphtheria vaccine

Answer 9

Toxoid Vaccine

Question 10

Vaccine:

-contains only a small part or fragment of the disease-causing agent

Answer 10

Subunit Vaccine

Question 11

Vaccine:
Advantages
-the safest type of vaccine- can be used on everyone, including immunocompromised, pregnant, and elderly populations
Disadvantage
-rarely successful at inducing long-lasting immunity, which means it will require multiple booster doses to maintain immunity and might even need to be conjugated to a carrier

Answer 11

Subunit Vaccine

Question 12

Vaccine:

•hepatitis B vaccine

Answer 12

Subunit Vaccine

Question 13

Determining epidemiology of the disease and conduct antigen research

Answer 13

Lab Studies

Question 14

Conduct immunogenicity and toxicity studies in animal models

Answer 14

Preclinical Studies

Question 15

Evaluate the local and systemic immune reactions

Answer 15

Clinical Phase I

Question 16

Determine the optimal dosage and schedule in target populations

Answer 16

Clinical Phase II

Question 17

Demonstrate efficacy under natural disease conditions and complete a safety assessment of vaccine

Answer 17

Clinical Phase III

Question 18

Provide sufficient science and clinical evidence that the vaccine is safe, efficacious, and of suitable quality

Answer 18

Health Canada Approval