Mod 5 Flashcards
1
Q
Adequate food intake consists of what?
A
Balance of nutrition
Water Carbohydrates Protein Fats Vitamins Minerals
2
Q
What are the three major functions of nutrients?
A
Providing energy for the body process and movement
Providing structural material for body tissue
regulating body processes
3
Q
What is the body’s most basic nutrient need?
A
Water
4
Q
What is the body’s second most important nutrient need?
A
Fuel or energy
Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
5
Q
What are macronutrients?
A
Carbohydrates, fats, protein, minerals, vitamins and water
6
Q
What are micronutrients?
A
Vitamins and minerals that are required in small amounts
7
Q
What elements make up carbohydrates?
A
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
8
Q
What are the two types of carbohydrates?
A
Simple carbohydrates
Complex carbohydrates
9
Q
High sugar content foods are referred to as what?
A
Empty calories
10
Q
What are the simplest of all carbohydrates that are water soluble and are produced naturally by both plants and animals?
A
Sugars
11
Q
What is the difference between monosaccharides and disaccharides?
A
Monosaccharides are single molecule
Disaccharides are double molecules
12
Q
What are the three monosaccharides?
A
Glucose
Fructose
Galactose
13
Q
Out of the monosaccharides which is the most abundant in simple sugars?
A
Glucose
14
Q
Polysaccharides come from what?
A
Starches
15
Q
Is fiber a complex carbohydrate or a simple carbohydrate?
A
Complex carbohydrate
16
Q
How is fiber digested by humans?
A
It can not be digested
17
Q
Carbohydrates provide what to the human body?
A
Energy
18
Q
How are carbohydrates stored?
A
Either as glycogen or as fat
19
Q
Proteins are composed of what elements?
A
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
20
Q
Three quarters of the body solids are made up of what?
A
Protein
21
Q
What is the difference between essential amino acids and nonessential amino acids?
A
Essential amino acids are those that have to be supplied as part of the protein ingested
Nonessential amino acids can be manufactured by the body
22
Q
How many essential amino acids are there?
A
Nine
23
Q
What are the nonessential amino acids?
A
Alanine Aspartic acid Cystine Glutamic acid Glycine Hydroxyproline Proline Serine Tyrosine
24
Q
What is the difference between complete protein and incomplete proteins?
A
Complete proteins contain all of the essential amino acids plus many of the nonessential ones
Incomplete proteins lack one or more essential amino acids ( most commonly lysine, methionine or tryptophan)
25
Where does digestion of proteins begin?
Stomach however it is mostly digested in the small intestine
26
What is nutrition?
Is the sum of all the interaction between an organism and the food it consumes
27
Protein metabolism includes what three activities?
Anabolism- building tissue
Catabolism- breaking down tissue
Maintaining nitrogen balance
28
What is the difference between the elements in lipids and the ones in carbohydrates?
Lipids contain a higher proportion of hydrogen
29
What is fatty acids made up of?
Of carbon chains and hydrogen
30
What is the determining factor of whether a fatty acid is considered saturated or unsaturated?
The relative number of hydrogen atoms they contain
31
Where are lipids digested?
It start in the stomach but is mainly digested in the small intestine
32
What are some water- soluble vitamins?
C and B complex vitamins
33
What do fat soluble vitamins include?
A, D, E, and K
34
What is the difference between macro minerals and microminerals?
Macrominerals are required daily amount over 100 mg such as calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulfur
Microminerals are less the 100 mg like zinc, manganese, iodine, fluoride, copper, cobalt, chromium and selenium
35
What is used to determine if an individual's healthy weight?
Ideal body weight (IBW)
| Body mass index (BMW)
36
When would the the rule of 5 be use to calculate approximate IBW?
If it is a female client rule of 6 is for male clients
37
When should the BMI not be used to calculate healthy weight?
People who have fluid retention ( ascites or edema)
38
What BMI is considered underweight?
39
What BMI is considered normal ?
18.5-24.9
40
What BMI is considered overweight?
25.0-29.9
41
What BMI is considered obese?
30.0-34.9
42
What BMI is considered extreme obesity?
40.0+
43
How would you calculate BMI?
Height in meters (1 meter is 39.6 in)
Measure weight in kilograms ( 1 kilograms is 2.2 lbs)
Divid the two and you will have the BMI
44
What are factors affecting nutrition?
```
Development
Sex
Ethnicity and culture
Beliefs about food
Personal preferences
Religious practices
Life style
Economics
Medications and therapy
Health
Alcohol consumption
Advertising
Psychological factors
```
45
How does grapefruit interact with certain medications?
Can cause toxicity when taken with a variety of medication including amiodarone, carbamazepine, cisapride, cyclosporine, diazepam, nifedipine, sequinavir or,statins, terfenadine, verapamil
46
How does vitamin K interact with certain medications?
Can decrease the effectiveness of warfarin
47
How does tyramine interact with certain medications?
In combination with monomine oxidase inhibitors medication isocarboxazid, isoniazid, linezolid, phenelizine and tranlcypromine it creates sudden increase in epinephrine leading to headaches, increased pluse and blood pressure and possible death
48
How does milk interact with certain medications?
Interferes with absorption of tetracycline antibiotics
49
What is the benefits of on demand feelings for newborns/ infants?
Decreases problems with over feeding or under feeding
50
What is the stomach capacity of a infant?
90 mls
51
When should solid food be introduced to a baby's diet?
4-6 months
52
Why should one food be introduced to a infant at a time?
To see if it is tolerated and that there are no allergies
53
Why should infants under one year of age not me feed honey?
Because it contains spores of clostridium botulinum and can cause infection and death
54
How much fluid should a toddler have a day?
1,250 ml in a 24 hour period
55
How many calories are required for a toddler?
1000-1400 Kcal/day
56
What can help toddlers meet nutritional needs?
```
Make mealtime pleasant
Offer a variety of simple attractive foods
Do not use food as a reward
Schedule mealtime
Avoid routine use of sweet desserts
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57
How much liquid does a preschooler require?
75 ml of liquid per kilogram of body weight per day 1,500 ml every 24 hours
58
How many calories do school age kids require?
1,600- 2,200 Kcal/ day
59
18% of American children between the ages of 6-18 are what?
Overweight
60
How much milk should adolescent drink and why?
1 quart a day because their peak bone mineralization occurs at 12 for girls and 14 for boys
61
What are common nutrition and self esteem problems among adolescents?
Obesity
Anorexia nervosa (refusal to eat)
Bulimia ( binge/ purge)
62
How much iron should young adult females intake?
18 mg of iron daily
63
Why would an healthy middle aged adult gain weight?
Decreased metabolic activity and decreased physical activity
64
What are some problems associated with nutrition in older adults?
```
Difficulty chewing
Lowered glucose tolerance
Deceased social interaction
Loss of appetite and senses of smell and taste
Limited income
Difficulty sleeping at night
```
65
What are nursing diagnosis for nutritional problems?
Imbalanced nutrition: less than body requirement
Obesity
Overweight
Readiness for enhanced nutrition
66
What are signs of malnutrition?
Appearance- apathetic, listless, looks tired, easily fatigued
Weight- overweight/ underweight
Skin- dry flaky or scaly, pale or pigmented presence of petechia or bruises lack of fat or edema
Nails- brittle, pale, ridged or spoon shaped
Hair- dry, dull, sparse, loss of color, brittle
Eyes- pale/ red conjunctiva,dryness, soft cornea, dull cornea, night blindness
Lips- swollen, red cracked at the sides of the mouth, vertical fissures
Tongue- swollen, beefy red or magenta colored, smooth in appearance, decreased in size
Gums- spongy, swollen, inflamed, bleed easily
Muscles- underdeveloped, flaccid, wasted, soft
GI system- anorexia, indigestion, diarrhea, constipation, enlarged liver, protruding abdomen
Nervous system- decreased reflexes, sensory loss, burning and tingling of hands and feet, mental confusion
67
What are the devises used for long term nutritional support?
Gastrostomy and jejunostomy
68
How long should a clear liquid diet be used?
Short term 24to 36 hours
69
How many meals per day should someone have that is on a full liquid diet to have adequate intake?
6 feeding or more
70
What is the difference between a soft diet and a puréed diet?
Soft diets are used for clients that have difficulty chewing or swallowing
Puréed diets have liquid added to the food
71
What is the difference between the Levin tube and the Salem sump tube?
The levin tube is a single lumen and the Salem sump tube is a double lumen
72
What is the purpose of a nasogastric tube?
To deliver medication and food to clients who can not swallow without aspirating and suctioning stomach contents
73
What should you assess before inserting a nasogastric tube?
```
History of nasal surgery
Deviated septum
Patency of nares
Gag reflex is present
Mental status
```
74
Why do you use a water soluble lubricant when inserting a nasogastric tube?
Because if it is accidentally inserted in to the lungs it will devolve and won't cause respiratory problems
75
What should you do if the nasogastric tube becomes coiled in the throat?
Withdraw it until it is straight and try to insert it again
76
When preparing the nasogastric tube, large bore tube why should you place it in warm water?
It allows the tube to become more pliable and flexible
77
What methods can a nurse use to check placement of a nasogastric tube?
Aspirate gi secretions
Measures the ph of aspirated fluids
Confirm the length of the tube with the insertion mark
78
What does urinary elimination depend on?
Effective functioning of the upper urinary tract kidneys, ureters and the lower urinary tract urinary bladder, urethra and pelvic floor
79
Why is the right kidney lower then the left kidney?
Due to the position of the liver
80
What do the kidneys do?
They are the primary regulators of fluid and acid base balance in the body
81
What are the functional units of the kidneys?
Nephrons, filter the blood and remove metabolic waste
82
How much cardiac output passes through the kidneys of an average adult every min?
21 %
83
Each kidney contains how many nephrons?
1 million
84
What is reabsorbed in the loop of Henle?
Glucose
85
What causes more water to be reabsorbed in the distal tubule and less urine is excreted?
ADH that is released from the posterior pituitary
86
When fluid intake is is high or blood solute concentration is low what is suppressed?
ADH
87
How long are adult ureters?
25 to 30 cm
88
What is the flap like fold of mucous membranes on the end of the ureter connected to the bladder for?
Reflux or back flow of urine
89
What are the four layers of the bladder?
An inner mucous layer
A connective tissue layer
Three layers of smooth muscle fibers
An outer serous layer
90
What does the smooth detrusor muscles do?
Allows the bladder to expand to fill up with urine and contract to release it
91
What is the trigone?
At the base of the bladder is a triangular area marked by the ureter openings at the posterior corners and the opening of the urethra at the anterior inferior corner
92
What is the normal bladder capacity?
300 and 600 ml of urine
93
What is the size difference between the male urethra and female urethra?
Females is 3-4 cm
Males is 20 cm
94
What passes through the pelvic floor?
Virginia, urethra and rectum
95
When is urinary control developed?
2-5 years of age
96
What rule should you teach preschool female about urination?
To wipe front to back
97
Kidneys do what between the age of 5-10 years?
Doubles in size
98
What is enuresis?
Involuntary passing of urine when control should be established
99
When should nocturnal enuresis be considered a problem?
After the age of 6
100
When do fetal kidneys begin to excrete urine?
Between the 11th and 12th week of development
101
Why dose infant urine appear light yellow?
Because the ability to concentrate urine is minimal
102
When dose urine concentration begin to appear Amber?
When kidneys become mature at the first and second year of life
103
When do kidneys reach their full size?
Between 35 and 40 years of age
104
After 50 what happens to the kidneys?
They begin to diminish in size and function
105
At the age of 80 what happens to nephrons?
30% are lost
106
Why do fluid such as alcohol increase urine out put?
Because they inhibit the production of anti diuretic hormones
107
What fluids can change the color of urine?
Beets can cause urine to be red and foods containing carotene can cause the urine to appear yellower than usual
108
How do diuretic work?
They increase formation by preventing the reabsorption of water and electrolytes from tubules of the kidneys into the bloodstream
109
What disorders effect blood flow to the kidneys?
Heart failure
Shock
Hypertension
110
What medication cause urinary retention?
Anticholinergic med- atropine, robinul, pro-banthine
Antidepressant/antipsychotic agents- tricyclics, antidepressants and MAO inhibitors
Antihistamine- pseudoephedrine (sudafed)
Anti hypertensive- hydra lazing and methyldopa
Antiparkinsonism drugs
Beta-adrenergic blockers
Opioids
111
What is polyuria?
Abnormally large amounts of urine by the kidneys
112
What is polydipsia?
Excessive fluid intake which can occur after polyuria
113
What is oliguria?
Is low urine out put usually less then 500 ml a day 30 mls an hour for an adult
114
What is anuria?
Lack of urine production
115
What are the two most common methods of dialysis?
Hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis
116
What is the difference between hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis?
Hemodialysis uses an external machine and with peritoneal dialysis the solution is instilled in the abdominal cavity
117
What is nocturia?
Voiding two or more time at night
118
What is urgency?
Is the sudden strong desire to void
119
What is dysuria?
Voiding is painful of difficult
120
What affect can urinary overdistenion have on the bladder?
Causes poor contractility of the detrusor muscles
121
What is the normal ph level of urine?
4.5-8
122
What are nursing diagnosis of urinary elimination?
Impaired urinary elimination
| Readiness for enhanced urinary elimination
123
What can you do to prevent a urinary tract infection?
```
Drink 8, 8 oz glasses of water per day
Void 2-4 hours/ after intercourse
Avoid harsh soaps in the perineal area
Avoid tight fitting underclothes
Wear Cotton rather then nylon
Wipe front to back
Take shower rather than baths
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