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Fundamentals Of Nursing > Mod 4 > Flashcards

Mod 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

Extension

A

Increasing the angle of joint Ex. Straightening the arm at the elbow

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2
Q

Hyperextension

A

Further extension or straightening of a joint Ex. Bending the head backwards

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3
Q

Abduction

A

Movement of the bone away from the midline of the body

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4
Q

Adduction

A

Movement of the bone toward the midline of the body

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5
Q

Rotation

A

Movement of the bone around its central axis

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6
Q

Circumduction

A

Movement of the distal part of the bone in a circle while the proximal end remains fixed

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7
Q

Eversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot outward by moving the ankle joint

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8
Q

Inversion

A

Turning the sole of the foot inward by moving the ankle joint

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9
Q

Pronation

A

Moving the bones of the forearm so that the palm of the hand faces downward when held in front of the body

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10
Q

Supination

A

Moving the bones of the forearm so that the plan of the hand faces upward when held in front of the body

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11
Q

Why when a client is inactive the joints are pulled into a flexed position?

A

Because the flexor muscle are stronger than the extensor muscles which pull inactive joints into the flexed position

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12
Q

How does coordinated movement work?

A

Bodies move in a balanced smooth and purposeful way as a result of the coordinated function of the cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia

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13
Q

When it come to coordinated movement what does the cerebral cortex control?

A

Initiates voluntary movement

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14
Q

Coordinated motor activity is controlled by what part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

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15
Q

What coordinated movement is controlled by the basal ganglia?

A

Maintains posture

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16
Q

Flexion

A

Decreasing the angle of the joint Ex. Bending the elbow

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17
Q

What are the most important factors in maintaining health?

A

Diet and exercise

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18
Q

What type of joint movement is there with the pivot joint of the neck?

A

Flexion- move the head from the upright mids line position forward, so that the chin rest on the chest

Extension- move the head from the flexed position to the upright position

Hyperextension- move the head from the upright position back as far as possible Lateral flexion- move the head laterally to the right and left

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19
Q

What type of joint movement works the ball and socket joint of the shoulder?

A

Flexion- easier each arm from a position by the side forward and upward to a position beside the head

Extension- move each arm from a vertical position beside the head toward and down to a resting position at the side of the body Abduction- move each arm from a resting side position to behind the body

Addiction-move each arm from a position at the side across the front of the body as far as possible. Elbow may be straight or bent Circumduction- move each arm forward, back and down in a full circle External rotation- with each arm held out to the side at shoulder level and the elbow bent to a right angle, fingers pointing down, move the arm upward

Internal rotation- with each arm held out to the side at shoulder level and the elbow bent to a right angle finger pointing up bring the arm forward and down so that the fingers point down

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20
Q

What type of movement would you use to work the hinge joint of the elbow?

A

Flexion- bring each lower arm forward and upward so that the hand is at the shoulder

Extension- bring each lower arm forward and downward straightening the arm Rotation for supination- turn each hand and forearm so that the palm is facing upward Rotation for pronation- turn each hand and forearm so that the palm is facing downward

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21
Q

What type of joint movement will work condyloid joint of the wrist?

A

Flexion- bring the fingers of the each hand toward the inner aspect of the forearm

Extension- striven each hand to the same plane as the arm Hyperextension- bend the fingers of each hand back as far as possible Radial flexion- bend each wrist laterally toward the thumb side with hand supinated

Ulnar flexion- bend each wrist latterly toward the fifth fingers with the hand supinated

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22
Q

What type of movement will work the hand and fingers?

A

Extension-straighten the fingers of each hand

Hyperextension- bend the fingers of each hand back as far as possible

Abduction- spread the fingers of each hand apart Addiction- bring the fingers of each hand together

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23
Q

What type of joint movement will exercise the saddle joint of the thumb?

A

Flexion- move each of the thumb across the palmar surface of the hand toward the fifth fingers

Extension- move each thumb away from the hand

Abduction- extend each thumb laterally

Adduction-move each thumb back to the hand

Opposition-touch each thumb to the top of each fingure of the same hand. The thumb joint movements involved are abduction, flexion and rotation

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24
Q

What type of joint movement will exercise the ball and socket joint of the hip?

A

Flexion- move each leg forward and upward. the knee may extend or flexed

Extension-move each leg back beside the othe

Hyperextension-move each leg behind the body

Abduction- move the leg out to the side

Adduction- move the leg back toward the body

Circumduction- move each leg backward, up to the side, and down in a circle

Internal rotation- flex knee and hip to 90 degree. place foot away from the midline . move thigh and knee toward the midline

External rotation-flex knee and hip 90 degree. place the foot toward the midline. move the thigh and knee away from the midline

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25
Q

What type of joint movement will exercise the hing joint of the knee?

A

fexion-bend each leg bring the heal toward the back of the thigh

Extention- Straighten each leg, returning the foot to its postion beside the the other

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26
Q

What type of joint movement will exercise the hinge joint ogf the ankle?

A

Extension- (planter fexion) point the toes of each foot downward

Felexion- (dorsiflexion) point the toes of each foot upward

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27
Q

What are the four basic elements of normal movement?

A

body alignment and posture

  • promotes optimal balance

as long as line of gravity passes through the center of gravity

  • maximal body fuction

inhances lung exapansio, promotes efficient circulatory, renal, and gastrointestinal fuction

joint mobility

  • fuctional unit of the muscloskeletal system

attched two bones

called flexors, extensors, internal rotators

blance

  • mechanisms involve in maintaining posture and blance:

inputs from the labyrinth, vestibulo-ocular

coordinated movement

  • blanced smooth movement is the result of a proper functioning:

cerebral cortex, cerebellum and basal ganglia

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28
Q

What muscles are known as the antigravity muscles?

A

the extensor muscles

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29
Q

What is Istonic (dynamic) exersice?

A

they are those in which the muscle shortens to produce mucle contraction and active movement

ex. running, walking, ADLS, active ROM

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30
Q

What are isometric (static or setting) exericises?

A

are those in which muscles contraction occurs without moving the joint. they increase in heart rate and cardiac output but does not increase blood flow to other parts of the body.

Ex. quad sets (squeezing a towel between the knees whild tightening the muscles in the front thigh

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31
Q

what are Isokinetic (resistive) exercises?

A

they involve contraction or tension against resistance. Utilized to build up certain muscle groups

Ex.leg extensions with weights; stationary bike that allows adjustment to increase pedal pressure

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32
Q

what are aerobic exercises?

A

they are activities during which the amount of oxygentaken into the body is greater than that uses to preform the activity

Example: jogging in place

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33
Q

what are anaerobic exercises?

A

it involves activity in which the muscles cannot draw out enough oxyen form the bloodstream and anaerobic pathways are used to provide additional energyfor a short time

Ex. weight lifting and sprinting

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34
Q

What are the tree ways to measure the intensity of exercise?

A

Target Heart rate - the goal is to work up and sustain a target heart rate based on age

talk test- should be able to crry on a conversation at 60% max heart rate

borg scale of perceived exertion- measure how difficult it feels to the person preforming the exxercise

  • 1-20
  • very very hard is 100% max heart rate and very light is 40%
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35
Q

What are the Benefits of Exercise/Effects of Immobility on the Musculoskeletal system?

A

benefits:

  • Size shape tone and strength of muscle are maintained and can be increased
  • Joints receive nourishment
  • Increases joint flexibility, stability, and ROM
  • Bone density and strength are maintained

Effects:

  • Disuse osteoporosis
  • Disuse atrophy
  • Contractures
  • Stiffness and pain in the joints
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36
Q

What are the Benefits of Exercise/Effects of Immobility on the Cardiovascular system?

A

Benefits:

  • Lowers bp
  • Improved oxygen, heart rate, circulation
  • Stress reduction
  • Improves heart health
  • Increase heart rate
  • Increase strength of heart muscle contraction and blood supply to the heart and muscles

Effects:

  • Diminished cardiac reserve
  • Increase use of the valsalva maneuver
  • Orthostatic hypotension
  • Venous vasodilation and stasis
  • Dependent edema
  • Thrombus formation
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37
Q

What are the Benefits of Exercise/Effects of Immobility on the Respiratory system?

A

Benefits:

  • Increased gas exchange- ventilation and oxygen
  • Eliminate toxins
  • Helps with circulation
  • Prevents pooling of secretions in the bronchi and bronchioles

Effects:

  • Decreased respiratory movement
  • Pooling of respiratory secretions
  • Atelectasis
  • Hypostatic pneumonia
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38
Q

What are the Benefits of Exercise/Effects of Immobility on the Gastrointestinal system?

A

Benefits:

  • Improves appetite
  • Increases GI tract tone and peristalsis

Effects:

  • constipation
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39
Q

What are the Benefits of Exercise/Effects of Immobility on the Metabolic/Endocrine system?

A

benefits:

  • Increases production of body heat and waste products, calorie use
  • Elevates metabolic rate
  • Increases use of triglycerides and fatty acids resulting in a reduced level of serum triglycerides, glycosylated hemoglobin
  • Weight loss and exercise stabilize blood sugar and make cells more responsive to insulin

Effects:

  • Decreased metabolic rate
  • Negative nitrogen balance
  • Anorexia
  • Negative calcium balance
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40
Q

What are the Benefits of Exercise/Effects of Immobility on the urinary system?

A

Benefits:

  • Promote efficient blood flow, excretes wastes more effectively
  • Prevention of stasis of the bladder
  • Decreases risk of UTI

Effects:

  • Urinary stasis
  • Want to reposition client frequently
  • Renal calculi
  • Urinary retention
  • Urinary infection
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41
Q

What are the Benefits of Exercise to the immune system?

A

Benefits:

  • Lymph fluid is more efficiently pumped from tissues into lymph capillaries and vessels throughout the body
  • Circulation is improved
  • Can also reduce immune function
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42
Q

What are the Benefits of Exercise/Effects of Immobility on the

Psychneurologic system?

A

Benefits:

  • Relieves stress and anxiety
  • Increases level of metabolites for neurotransmitters
  • Increases levels of oxygen to brain and body systems
  • Improves quality of sleep by eleicitng the relaxation response
  • Counteracting some of the harmful effects of stress on the body/mind

Effects:

  • mood
  • self-esteem
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43
Q

To inspect aligment the nurse should inspect the client from what perspectives?

A

lateral

anterior

posterior

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44
Q

when inspecting alignment the what should the nurse look for?

A

Are the shoulders and hips level

Do the toes point forward

is the spine straight,not curved

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45
Q

when should activity be stop in the event of any physiological changes?

A
  • suddden facial pallor
  • feeling of dizziness
  • change in the LOC
  • heart rate or respiratory rate that significantly exceeds baseline or preestablished levels
  • changes in heart or respiratory rythem from regular to irregular
  • weakening of the pulse
  • dyspnea, shortness of breath or chheast pain
  • diastolic blood pressure change of 1 mmHg or more
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46
Q

what are nursing diagnoses related to exercise problems?

A
  • Risk for activity intolerance
  • Impaired physical mobility
  • Sedentary lifestyle
  • Risk for disuse syndrome
  • Activity intolerance
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47
Q

what are the the different levels of activity intolerance?

A

Level I

Walks regular pace on level ground but becomes more sob than normal when climbing one or more flights of stairs

Level II

Walks one city block or 500 feet on level ground or climbs one flight of stairs slowly without stopping

Level III

Walks no more than 50 feet on level ground without stopping and is unable to climb one flight of stairs without stopping

Level IV

Dyspnea and fatigue at rest

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48
Q

What is foot drop?

A

foot drop stems from weakness or paralysis of the muscles that lift the foot. A nurse should be aware of this while postioning a client. the nurse can put a pillow below the feet to keep the ankle at an angle.

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49
Q

what is the fowler’s postion?

A

a semisitting postion the bed is in a postion where the head is raised at a 45-60 degree angle

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50
Q
A
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51
Q

what is the high fowler’s postion?

A

60-90 degree angle

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52
Q

what does the orthopneic postion facilitate?

A

maxium resporations

53
Q

What problems need to be prevented in the dorsal recumbent postion?

A

hyperextenion of the neck in thick cheasted clients

posterior flexion of the lumbar curvature

external rotation of the legs

hyperextension of the legs

plantar flexion (foot drop)

pressure on the heals

54
Q

what needs to be prevented in the prone postion?

A

flexion or hyperextenion of the neck

hyperextension of the lumbar -difficult to breath

plantar flexion (foot drop)

55
Q

when should the sim’s postion be used?

A

for unconscius clients because it facilitates drainage from the mouth and keep them from aspirating

56
Q

nurses should not lift more then how many pound without assistance?

A

35 pounds then the nurse need to eirther get a mechanical device or assistance from another individual

57
Q

what are safty measures to avoid falls?

A
  • locking wheelchairs
  • wearing appropriate footwear
  • using rubber tips on crutches
  • keeping env safe
  • using raised toilet seat, grab bars, urinal and bedpan
58
Q

what are the step to moving a client up in bed?

A
  1. Moving the client upward against gravity requires more force and can cause back strain
  2. Face direction of the movement
  3. Place 1 pillow against head of bed
  4. Pillow protects the clients head from inadvertent injury against the top of the bed during the upward move
  5. Client that is less than 200 pounds, must use a friction reducing device and 2 assistants
  6. Moving a client up in bed is not a 1 person task, must use 2 people
  7. Client that is between 201-300, use friction reducing slide sheet and four assistants or an air transfer system and 2 assistants
  8. Ask client to flex hips and knees and position and feet so that they can be used to effectively push
  9. Keeps the entire lower leg off the bed surface preventiong friction during movement, and ensures use of the large muscle groups increasing the force of movement
59
Q

what is active ROM?

A

Active ROM exercises are isotonic

  • The client moves each joint in the body through its complete range of movement, maximally stretching all muscle groups within each plane over the joint
  • These exercises maintain or increase muscle strength and endurance and help to maintain cardio-respiratory function in an immobilized client
  • They also prevent deterioration of joint capsules, ankylosis, and contractures.
  • HR, RR increase
  • Most beneficial to the client
60
Q

what is passive ROM?

A
  • Another person moves each of the client’s joints through its complete range of movement, Maximally stretching all muscle groups within each plane over each joint.
  • Because the client does not contract the muscles, passive ROM exercises do not maintain muscle strength
  • *maintains joint flexibility
61
Q

What is active-assistive ROM?

A
  • The client uses a stronger, opposite arm or leg to move each of the joints of a limb incapable of active motion
  • The client learns to support and move the weak arm or leg with the strong arm or leg as far as possible.
  • The nurse continues the movement passively to its maximal degree.
  • increases active movement on the strong side of the body and maintains joint flexibility on the weak side
  • Examples: most commonly utilized in a stroke or hemiplegic client
62
Q

what are three typs of commonly used canes?

A

standard straight legged cane

tripod cane

quad cane- porvides the most support

63
Q

how do you know if a cane is the right length?

A

it should promit the elbow to be slightly flexed

64
Q

what are the stages of Non-rapid-eye-movement-NREM?

A

Stage 1

  • Stage of very light sleep and lasts only a few minutes
  • Feel drowsy and relaxed and the eyes roll from side to side
  • HR, RR drop slightly
  • Readily awakened and may deny sleep

Stage 2

  • Body processes continue to slow down
  • Eyes are still
  • HR/RR decrease slightly
  • Body temp falls

Stage 3

  • Deepest stage of sleep
  • Deep sleep/delta sleep
  • HR/RR drop 20-30%
  • Difficult to arouse
  • Not disturbed by sensory stimuli
  • Snoring can occur
  • Skeletal muscles relaxed
  • Reflexes diminished
65
Q

when does Rapid-eye-movement-REM occur?

A

Occurs every 90 minutes, lasting 5-30 minutes

Physiologic changes during REM:

  • brain metabolism may increase by 20%
  • acetylcholine and dopamine increase
  • voluntary muscle tone considerably decreased
  • DTRs absent- deep tendon reflexes
  • gastric secretions increased
  • HR and RR usually irregular
  • Dreams occur during REM
66
Q

how many hours of sleep should a infant get?

A

14-15 hour in a 24 hour period

67
Q

how many hours of sleep should a toddler get?

A

12-14 hours of sleep from the ages of 1-3

68
Q

how many hours of sleep should a preschooler get?

A

11-13 hours of sleep between the ages of 3-5

69
Q

how many hours of sleep should a school-age child get?

A

10-11 hours between the ages of 5-12

70
Q

how hany hours of sleep should an adolescent get?

A

9-10 hours for the ages of 12-18

71
Q

how many hours for sleep should a heathly adult NOT in nursing school get?

A

7-9 hours of sleep

72
Q

what are the sleep patterns of older adults?

A

between the age 65-75 they usually awaken 1.3 hours earlier and go to bed approximately 1 hour earlier than younger adults (ages 20-30). Most older adults sleep 7-9 hours on both weeknights and weekends

73
Q

what are so illness that effect sleep?

A
  • Anything that causes pain or physical distress
  • Arthritis or back pain
  • Respiratory conditions-SOB, nasal congestion, sinus drainage
  • Elevated body temp
  • If the have GERD- may have raise head of bed 30 degrees
74
Q

what are some enviromental factors that will effect sleep?

A

Promote or hinder sleep

  • Noisy environment
  • Hospital environment
  • Too hot, too cold
  • Dark or light in room
75
Q

when it comes to your lifestyle what can effect your sleep?

A
  • How late you go to bed, how early you have to get up
  • Emotional stress
  • Children
  • Trauma
  • Moving
  • Getting married
  • Stimulants, Alcohol
  • Diet
  • Smoking
  • Motivation
  • Medications
76
Q

What are common sleep disroders?

A
  • Insomnia-inability to fall asleep or remain asleep
  • Hypersomnia-individual obtains sufficient sleep at night but still cannot stay awake during the day.
  • Narcolepsy-excessive daytime sleepiness caused by the lack of chemical hypocretin in the area of the CNS that regulates sleep
  • Sleep apnea-short breathing pauses during sleep
  • Parasomnias-Sleepwalking, nightmares, sleep talking, sleep terrors
77
Q

What are the clinical manifestations of insomnia?

A
  • Difficulty falling asleep
  • Waking up frequently during the night
  • Difficulty returning to sleep
  • Waking up too early in the morning
  • Unrefreshing sleep
  • Daytime sleepiness
  • Difficulty concentrating
  • Irritability
78
Q

What are the three type of sleep apnea?

A
  • Obstructive apnea-Structures of pharynx or oral cavity block air flow
  • Central apnea-Involves defect in respiratory center of the brain-all actions
  • Mixed apena- Combination of obstructive and central
79
Q

what are common causes of sleep apena?

A
  • enlarged tonsils and adenoids
  • obesity
  • deviated nasal septum
  • nasal polyps
  • brain stem injury
  • muscular dystrophy
80
Q

what are symptoms of sleep apena?

A
  • Snoring
  • Frequent nocturnal wakening’s
  • Excessive daytime sleepiness
  • Difficulties falling asleep at night
  • Morning headaches
  • Memory and cognitive problems
  • irritability
81
Q

What are the three type of nociceptors?

A

Mechanisensitive nociceptors- A-delta fibers- which are sensitive to mechanical stimulation ( pinching skin)

Thermosensitive nociceptors-a-delta fibers sensitive to hot/cold

Polymodal nonciceptors- C fibers sensitive to noxious stimuli of mechanical, thermal, or chemical

82
Q

When does transduction of pain begin?

A

When a mechanical, thermal, chemical stimulus result in tissue injury or damage

83
Q

What nociceptor active the inflammatory response?

A

A-delta and C fibers

84
Q

Describe a-delta fibers?

A

Small in diameter, lightly myelinated fibers and transmit fast pain within 1second ( sharp, pricking or electric sensation)

85
Q

Describe C fibers?

A

Unmyelinated transmit slow pain with in one second( burning throbbing or aching)

86
Q

What parts of the brain are responsible for the perception of pain?

A

Hypothalamus and limbic system- for emotional response Frontal cortex- for the rational response

87
Q

What are physiological response to pain?

A

Anxiety

  • fear
  • hopelessness
  • sleeplessness
  • thoughts of suicideFocuses on pain
  • reports pain
  • cries and moans
  • frowns and facial grimaces
  • Decrease cognitive function
  • mental confusion
  • altered temperature
  • high somatization and dilated pupils
  • Increased heart rate
  • peripheral and systemic and coronary vascular resistance
  • increased blood pressure Increased respiratory rate and sputum retention resulting in infection and atelectasis
88
Q

What classification of pain has a rapid onset and short course?

A

Acute pain

89
Q

What transmits the sensation of pain to the central nervous system?

A

Peripheral nerve endings (nonciceptors)

90
Q

What classification of pain is know as a constant pain that persists for more than 6 months?

A

Chronic nonmalignant pain

91
Q

What classification of pain can be acute or chronic?

A

Cancer pain

92
Q

What are the types of cancer pain?

A

Somatic pain

visceral pain

neuropathic pain

93
Q

What triggers cancer pain?

A

Blocked blood vessels or pressure on a nerve from a tumor side effects of surgery, chemotherapy,radiation

94
Q

What are the pain location classification?

A

Cutaneous pain (skin or subcutaneous tissue)

Visceral pain (abdominal cavity, thorax, cranium)

Deep somatic pain (ligament, tendons, bones, blood vessels, nerves)

95
Q

What is phantom pain?

A

Pain perceived in nerves left by a missing, amputated, or paralyzed body part

96
Q

What type of pain originates in peripheral never or the CNS and is caused by shingle, herpes zoster, diabetic neuropath and described as burning tingling, stabbing, electrical pin and needles?

A

Neuropathic pain

97
Q

Intractable pain is resistant to what?

A

Pain relief

98
Q

What are the 7 dimensions of pain?

A

Physical- clients perception of pain and the body’s reaction to the stimulus

Sensory- quality of the pain/ how severe the pain is perceived

Behavioral- verbal and nonverbal response to the pain

Sociocultural- influence of cultural background

Cognitive- beliefs, attitudes, intentions and motivations related to pain

Affective-feeling, sentiments and emotions related to the pain experience

Spiritual- meaning and purpose that the person attributes to the pain, self, others and divine

99
Q

What cultural group are against narcotics?

A

Asian and Asian Americans

100
Q

What cultural group believes that pain response is very expensive?

A

Hispanics

101
Q

When collecting subjective data of pain what must you do?

A

Use the exact words that the client uses to describe experienced pain it help diagnosis and management

102
Q

What does the COLDSPA mnemonic stand for?

A

Character

Onset

Location

Duration

Severity

Pattern

Associated factors

103
Q

What are the three most popular pain assessment tools?

A

Numeric rating scale

Verbal descriptor scale

Faces pain scale

104
Q

What pain scales are best for older adults with no cognitive impairment?

A

Numeric pain scale and faces pain scale

105
Q

what are the fuctioning scores of pain intensity?

A

1-3 mild pain

4-6 is moderate pain

6-10 severe pain

106
Q

Explain the simple descriptive pain intensity scale

A

No pain, mild pain, moderate pain, severe pain, very severe pain, very severe pain, worst possible pain

107
Q

What are risk diagnosis for pain?

A

Risk for activity intolerance related to chronic pain

Risk for constipation related to nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory agents or opiated intake or poor eating habits

Risk for spiritual distress related to anxiety, pain life change, and chronic illness

Risk for powerlessness related to chronic pain, health care environment, pain treatment- related regimen

108
Q

What are actual diagnosis for pain?

A

Acute pain related to injury agent Chronic pain related to chronic inflammatory process of rheumatoid arthritis

Ineffective breathing pattern related to abdominal pain and anxiety

Disturbed energy field related to chronic pain

Impaired physical mobility related to chronic pain Bathing/ hygiene self-care deficit related to severe pain

109
Q

What is visceral pain?

A

it is often perceived in an area remote from the organ causing the pain

110
Q

what are the different responses to actue pain and chronic pain?

A

Acute:

  • increased pulse rate
  • increased respiratory rate
  • elevated blood pressure
  • diaphoresis
  • dilated pupils

Chronic:

  • vital sign normal
  • Dry, warm skin
  • pupils normal or dilated
111
Q

what are nociceptive pain/ neuropathic pain?

A

nociceptive pain- the system sends signal tht the tissues have been damaged

neuropathic pain-associated with damaged or malfunctioning nerves due to illness, injury, or undetermined reasons

112
Q

What is stomatic pain?

A

it origanates in the skin muscle, bone, or connective tissue

113
Q

What are the two subcagories of nociceptive pain?

A

stomatic/ visceral pain

114
Q

What are the subtypes of Neuropathic pain?

A

Peripheral neuropathic pain-follows damge or sensitization of peripheral nerves

Central neuropathic pain-Results from malfunctioning nerves in the CNS

115
Q

What is a pain threashold?

A

is the least amount of stimuli that is needed for a person to label a sensation as pain

116
Q

What is a pain tolerance?

A

is the maximum amount of painful stimuli that a person is willing to withstand without seeking avoidance of the pain or relief

117
Q

What are the 4 physiological processes related to pain?

A

Transduction-A stimulus causes release of biochemical mediators

Transmission-The impulse, or stimulus, travels from the peripheral nerve fibers to the spinal cord to the brain

Perception-Aware or conscious of the pain with a behavioral response

Modulation-“Descending system”-thalamus and brainstem send signals back thru dorsal horn of spinal cord

TTPM

118
Q

which culture believes pain and suffering a part of life and is to be endured?

A

African Americans

119
Q

which culture views pain as a apart of life and as an indicator or the seriousness of an illness?

A

Asian Americans

120
Q

which culture is less expressive verbally and nonverbally about pain?

A

Native Americans

121
Q

which culture veiws pain as unpleasant and anticipate immediate relief from their symptoms?

A

Arab Americans

122
Q
A
123
Q

what factors affect pain?

A
  • Ethnic and cultural values
  • Age and developmental stage
  • Environment and support people
  • Previous pain experiences
  • Meaning of pain
124
Q

when a client is experiencing severe pain a nurse may only focus on on what three things before providing an intervention?

A

Location

quality

severity

125
Q

what are the pain ratings on the wong baker face scale?

A

0 no hurt

1 hurts little bit

2 hurts little more

3 hurts even more

4 hurts whole lot

5 hurts worst

126
Q

What are barriers to pain management?

A

Tolerance-Occurs when the client’s opioid dose, over time, leads to a decreased sensitivity of the drugs analgesic effect

Physical dependence-An expected physical response when a client who is on long term opioid therapy has the opioid significantly reduced or withdraw

Addiction-A chronic, relapsing, treatable disease influenced by genetic, psychosocial, and environmental factors

Pseudo addiction-A condition that results from the under treatment of pain where the client may become so focused on obtaining medications for pain relief that they become angry and demanding, may “clock watch”, and may otherwise seem inappropriately “drug seeking”

127
Q

what are common side effects of opiods?

A

constipation

nausea and vomiting

sedation

respiratory depression

pruritus

urinary retention

128
Q

What are routes for administrating opiods/narcotics

A
  • Oral=Ease of administration
  • Trans nasal=Rapid action of the medication because of direct absorption thru the vascular nasal mucosa
  • Transdermal=It delivers a relatively stable plasma drug level and is noninvasive
  • Trans mucosal (Buccal)=Effects of the medications are systemic after the medication is absorbed
  • Rectal=Useful for clients who have dysphagia or nausea and vomiting
  • Topical=Works directly at the point of application
  • Subcutaneous=Helpful for clients whose pain is poorly controlled by oral meds or who are experiencing dysphagia or GI obstruction or who have a need for prolonged use of parenteral opioids
  • Intramuscular=Should be abandoned for admin of analgesics Onset of pain relief occurs in 5 to 10 min Intraspinal (epidural, intrathecal)=Needs to be sterile Superior analgesia with less medication used

Fundamentals Of Nursing (6 decks)

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