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Community final > Mod 5 > Flashcards

Mod 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Epidemiology

A

discipline that describes, quantifies and postulates casual mechanisms for disease in populations and develops methods for the control of diseases

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2
Q

Epidemiology assumptions (2)

A

1) occurance of disease is not random

2) study of populations enable the ID of causes and preventive factors associated with disease

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3
Q

Epidemiology functions

A

surveillance
investigation
stuies
eval
links
policy development

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4
Q

What does epidemiology offer community nurses?

A

method for assessing health of aggregates –> provide frame of reference for investigating and improving clinical practice

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5
Q

Morbidity

A

presence of disease

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6
Q

Mortality

A

occurrence of death

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7
Q

data

A

making sense of information

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8
Q

Morbidity rate formula

A

estimated population as of july 1st x 100,000

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9
Q

Understanding risk for injury/disease

A
  • biology, environment, lifestyle, system of health care
  • negative influences on health increase probability of disease
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10
Q

Population at risk

A

greater probability of developing health problem than other groups

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11
Q

Relative risk ratio

A

compares disease occurance with population at risk to general public without risk factor.

assists in determining most effective points for community health intervention, method for explaining risks

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12
Q

Relative risk >1.0

A

those with risk factor greater likelihood of aquiring disease

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13
Q

Prevelance

A

number of cases of disease in a population at certain time period

provides indication of extent of health problem

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14
Q

period prevelance

A

rate of instance within population

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15
Q

Instance

A

new cases of disease in period of time

comparing rates that vary among subgroups/exposures

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16
Q

Attack rate

A

describes proportion of a group or population that develops a disease among all exposed to risk (ex. outbreaks)

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17
Q

To develop a disease you must both be

A

susceptible and exposed

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18
Q

Agent

A

factor that causes disease

biological, chemical, nutritional, physical

Eg. smoke/ tars/chemicals in tobacco

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18
Q

Epidemiologic triad

A

host, agent, environmental factor

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19
Q

Host

A

recipient/victim

biological, behavioral or social factors

Eg. personal developed lung cancer, smoking habit

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19
Q

Environment

A

external

social, physical, biological

Eg. smoking on job permitted, products accessible

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20
Q

What relationships does epidemiology focus on?

A

Casual (cause and effect)

why conditions develop, offer prevention and protection

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21
Q

Interventions (3) for infection chain

A

1) Controlling or eliminating agent at source of transmission
2) Protecting portals of entry
3) Increasing host’s defenses

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22
Q

Communicable/infectious disease

A

illness spread by coming in contact with an infected someone or something: Bacteria,viruses, and parasites

23
Q

Immunity

A

host’s ability to resist a particular infectious disease–causing agent. This occurs when the body forms antibodies and lymphocytes that react with the foreign antigenic molecules and render them harmless

24
Q

Public health immunity

A

significance in determining which individuals and groups are protected against disease and which may be vulnerable

25
Q

Passive immunity

A

Naturally/artificial

newborns through breast milk

26
Q

Active immunity

A

naturally acquired (host infection)
vaccine

27
Q

Cross Immunity

A

passive or active,

immunity to one agent provides protection from another

28
Q

Herd immunity

A

Mandatory preschool immunizations and required travel vaccinations are applications of the herd immunity concept.

29
Q

Susceptibility

A

pre-exposure when vulnerable/at risk

30
Q

Infection

A

initial transmittion

31
Q

Incubation/Latent period

A

the number of days between when you’re infected with something and when you might see symptoms

32
Q

Infectious period

A

few days before symptoms appear

33
Q

Surveillance

A

used to monitor outbreaks as well as identify cause and control the spread

34
Q

Disease cluster

A

increase occurance of disease within geographic area or among group of people.

35
Q

In a small town, there is a sudden increase in the number of residents reporting similar symptoms of gastrointestinal distress within a week.

A

disease cluster

36
Q

Outbreak

A

occurance of disease in a population that is greater than expected

37
Q

At a college campus, there is a significant increase in the number of students diagnosed with the flu during a winter semester. The number of cases exceeds what is typically expected, leading to public health authorities taking action to prevent further spread.

A

outbreak

38
Q

Epidemic

A

increase in cases of disease beyond what is typically expected in a population

39
Q

In a densely populated urban area, there is a rapid and widespread increase in the number of individuals contracting a new strain of a highly contagious respiratory virus. The cases surge beyond normal levels, and it affects multiple neighborhoods within the city.

A

epidemic

40
Q

Pandemic

A

epidemic spread over a large area, crossing internationally

41
Q

Endemic

A

consistent, ongoing presence of disease within specific population or geographic area

42
Q

Malaria is in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa. It regularly occurs at a relatively stable rate year-round in these regions, and the population has developed some level of immunity or adaptation to the disease.

A

Endemic

43
Q

Four control steps for epidemic

A

Test - identify cases
Isolate
Quarantine
Trace/contact trace - id people who have come in contact

44
Q

Goals in Communicable Disease:

Control

A

reduce instance of disease

diarrhea

45
Q

Goals in Communicable Disease

Eliminate disease

A

reduce to zero instance

neonatal tetanus

46
Q

Goals in Communicable Disease

Elimination of infection

A

reduce to zero instance of infection

measles, polio

47
Q

Goals in Communicable Disease

Eradication

A

permanent reduction to zero

smallpox

48
Q

global health

A

an area for study, research, practice that improves health and health equity for all

49
Q

Population growth

A

High density of people increase risk for communicable and infectious disease

50
Q

Interdependency

A

What occurs in one country can effect others (financial, environmental and communicable disease)

51
Q

Immigration

A

r/t extreme poverty, religious, ethic persecution, war or humanitarian emergencies

52
Q

Geography

A

pollution considerations

53
Q

Top 3 COD worldwide

A

Ischemic heart disease
stroke
lower respiratory infection

54
Q

Global burden of disease

A

Looks at the major causes of morbidity and mortality around the world, and how the risk of disease varies with regions.

55
Q

Disability Adjusted Life Years (DALY)

A

sum of years of premature deaths or living with health condition

56
Q

Universal Imperatives of care

A

Mortality***
morbidity
ADL
Decision-making
cost
access

57
Q

2030 Agenda for sustainable development

A

all United Nations Member States in 2015, provides a shared blueprint for peace and prosperity for people and the planet, now and into the future.

They recognize that ending poverty and other deprivations must go hand-in-hand with strategies that improve health and education, reduce inequality, and spur economic growth – all while tackling climate change and working to preserve our oceans and forests.

Community final (4 decks)

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