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Community final > Community 2nd Exam > Flashcards

Community 2nd Exam Flashcards

Module 4,5, and 6

1
Q

What are the characteristics of culture?

A

Culture is learned, integrated, shared, tacit ( how you greet people ), and dynamic ( changes overtime ).

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2
Q

What is culture bound syndrome?

A

A collection of certain behaviors that are only seen in specific cultures.

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3
Q

What are the Office of Minority Programmatic Priorities?

A
  1. Supporting states, territories, and tribes in identifying and sustaining health equity promoting policies, programs, and practices
  2. Expanding the utilization of community health workers to address health and social services needs within communities of color.
  3. Strengthening cultural competence among health care providers throughout the country
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4
Q

What is the CDC vulnerability index and it components?

A

It is a tool that can identify and quantify social needs of vulnerable communities at the county level.

It looks at socioeconomic status, household characteristics, racial and ethnic minority status, housing types and transportation.

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5
Q

What is solution based nursing?

A

When you focus of the patients strengths and help them adapt and grow. ( your not only concerned about the patients illness )

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6
Q

What is the path toward cultural competence?

A
  1. Overcome enthocentrism (when a person judges the behavior of other cultures)
  2. Refusal (disregarding other cultures)
  3. Resistance (use dominant population culture as the norm)
  4. Neutrality (treating all people the same regardless of cultural differences)
  5. Adjustment ( when you know your weaknesses around culture but don’t have a plan to fix it)
  6. Incorporation (when you accept and respect other cultures)
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7
Q

What is the most IMPORTANT step to become culturally competent?

A

OVERCOME ETHOCENTRISM
- it is the first step to become culturally competent
- ethocentrism (a person judges other cultures instead of trying to understand)

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8
Q

Cultural Safety vs. Cultural Competence

A

Cultural safety focuses on the influence of the providers culture while Cultural competence focuses of the culture of the patient.

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9
Q

What are community focused health promotion strategies ?

A

Interventions that take place in the community/stakeholders
- ex: community partnerships, participation, spaces, networks and media

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10
Q

What are culturally focused health promotion strategies?

A

Inclusion of some aspects of the targets culture, integration of targets religion/spirituality, inclusion of culturally relevant activities (lifestyle)

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11
Q

What are language focused health promotion strategies?

A

Limit medical jargon, deliver intervention in populations language, use translators.

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12
Q

How is relative risk in relationship to resources and health.

A

A lack of resources increases a populations exposure to risk factors and reduces individuals ability to avoid illness

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13
Q

Why are rural americans a vulnerable population?

A
  • Long travel distances to hospitals and other care
  • Higher rates of cigarette smoking and poverty
  • Report less leisure time physical activity
  • Many don’t finish high school ( work for family)
  • Less likely to wear seat belts
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14
Q

How can you help americans that live in rural areas?

A
  • Increase access to healthcare (home health, tele health)
  • Encourage completion of highschool for better literacy
  • Travel and “pop up” clinics for health promotion and preventative services
  • Focus on hope and direction on how to het healthy
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15
Q

What makes immigrants and migrant workers a vulnerable population?

A
  • Heat related illness
  • Exposure to a variety of pesticides + toxic chemicals
  • Injuries, UTI, bites from animals
  • Higher susceptibility to infectious disease
  • Mental health issues
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16
Q

How can we help immigrants and migrant workers?

A
  • Advocate for inclusive legislation and safer work environments
  • Diversify the health office environment
  • Ensure immigrants understands privacy rights and reduce fear of deportation
  • Know your area of resources
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17
Q

What makes homeless (unhoused) americans a vulnerable population?

A
  • Average age of death is 51 years old
  • They have competing priorities of finding daily food, shelter, and safety
  • They are difficult to locate and account for, use period prevention- homless for past 6 months, point in time count, veterans more at risk for homelessness
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18
Q

How can we help homelessness (unhoused) people?

A
  • Understand that housing is healthcare for this population
  • Provide better access to mental health services including addiction care
  • Reach out to them whenever you can find them
  • For prevention- focus on early childhood development
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19
Q

What is epidemiology?

A

The study of how often diseases occur and why also develops methods for the control of the disease
- 2 fundamentals
1. Something caused the disease ( not random )
2. Study of the populations will give us the cause and preventative factors

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20
Q

What is the purpose of epidemiology?

A

To plan and evaluate strategies to prevent illness and provide interventions to help people with illness and disease.

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21
Q

What is the definition of risk?

A

Probability of developing illness/disease

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22
Q

Why is knowing the risk important?

A

The relative risk ratio assists in determining the most effective points for community health intervention in regard to particular health problems. It also provides a more easily understood method for explaining the risk of certain behaviors in the development of illness or injury to the public

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23
Q

What is the definition of prevalence?

A

-Total number of cases of a disease/illness ( new and old )

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24
Q

Why is prevalence important?

A

Prevalence data provide an indication of the extent of a health problem

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25
Q

what is the definition of incidence?

A

All NEW cases of a disease/illness

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26
Q

Why is incidence important?

A

The primary value of incidence rates is in studies of disease etiology, by comparing how the rates vary among different subgroups or with different exposures

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27
Q

What is morbidity?

A
  • Refers to the presence of disease in a population
  • Represents the illness, symptoms, or impairments produced by the disease
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28
Q

What is mortality?

A

Death caused by the disease

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29
Q

What are the 3 components of the epidemiological triangle?

A
  1. Host
  2. Agent
  3. Environment
30
Q

What is a host? ( epidemiology )

A

The actual or potential victim of the disease

31
Q

What is a agent? ( epidemiology )

A

the factor that causes the disease (bacteria, fungi, chemicals, radiation)

32
Q

Environment (epidemiology)

A

All external factors other than the host and agent. that influences health ( weather, animals, plants )

33
Q

Chain of causation

A

AGENT resides in RESERVOIR ( where agents lives ) —> PORTAL OF EXIT –> MODE of TRANSMISSION ( vector) –> PORTAL of ENTRY ( to susceptible host )

34
Q

Web of causation

A

Nonlinear, considers multiple causes of the illness

35
Q

What is the difference between chain of causation and web of causation?

A

The chain of causation is linear, its good for disease processes while the web of causation looks at how multiple things can cause disease ( look at factors in life ), good for case management

36
Q

What is passive immunity?

A

When a person is given antibodies rather than making their own (short term)
- ex: newborns receive antibodies from the mother

37
Q

What is active immunity?

A

Exposure to a organisms triggers immune system to produce antibodies (long term)
- ex: vaccines or through host infection

38
Q

What is cross immunity?

A

Immunity to one agent provides immunity to a related agent
- ex:immunity to cowpox give immunity to smallpox

39
Q

What is herd immunity?

A

When most of the population is immune it protect the people who aren’t

40
Q

What are the 4 basic steps of epidemic control?

A
  1. Testing: allows public health officials to identify who has a specific communicable disease and if they can spread it to others. Presence of symptoms is not an accurate way to identify the presence of disease. 2. Isolating: Isolating those who are positive for the disease from others. Remember those in “Isolation” in hospital units?
  2. Quarantine: Isolating those who have been in contact with a positive person but does not yet have a positive result or symptoms. It does seek to control the movement of the person to decrease spread. Currently, this is self-monitored
  3. Tracing/ Contact Tracing:The process of identification of persons who have come in contact with an infected person and subsequent collection of further information about those contacts. This is done for all types of infectious diseases that are known to be person-person spread.
41
Q

What are the goals of epidemic control?

A
  1. Control:The reduction of disease incidence, prevalence, morbidity or mortality to a locally acceptable level as a result of deliberate efforts.
    • EX: diarrheal diseases.
  2. Elimination of disease:Reduction to zero of the incidence of a specified disease
    • EX: neonatal tetanus.
  3. Elimination of Infection:Reduction to zero of the incidence of infection caused by a specific agent
    • EX:measles, poliomyelitis.
  4. Eradication:Permanent reduction to zero of the worldwide incidence of infection caused by a specific agent
    • EX: smallpox
  5. Extinction:The specific infectious agent no longer exists in nature or in the laboratory.
    • EX: none
42
Q

What is relative risk ratio?

A

It measures how certain factors has a influence on peoples health ( those with the risk factor have a greater likelihood of acquiring the disease than do those without it )
- EX: a relative risk of 2.54 means that the exposed group is 2.54 times more likely to acquire the disease than the unexposed group.

43
Q

What is DALY? ( Disability Adjusted Life Years )

A

One DALY represents the loss of the equivalent of one year of full health. DALYs for a disease or health condition are the sum of the years of life lost to due to premature mortality (YLLs) and the years lived with a disability (YLDs) due to prevalent cases of the disease or health condition in a population.

44
Q

What is the nature of WHO SDH ( sustainable health goals)

A

To improve human lives and protect the environment

45
Q

What is primary prevention?

A

intervening before health effects occur, through
measures such as vaccinations, altering risky behaviors (poor eating habits, tobacco use), and banning substances known to be associated with a disease or health condition.

46
Q

What is secondary prevention?

A

screening to identify diseases in the earliest
stages, before the onset of signs and symptoms, through measures such
as mammography and regular blood pressure testing.

47
Q

What is tertiary prevention?

A

Managing disease post diagnosis to slow or stop
disease progression through measures such as chemotherapy, rehabilitation, and screening for complications.

48
Q

What is OSHA?

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration
- congress made to ensure safe and healthful working condition for workers by setting and enforcing standards.

49
Q

What are some examples of OSHA cited violations?

A

fall protection , hazard communication, ladders, respiratory protection, scaffolding, control of hazardous trucks, fall protection training, powered industrial trucks, eye and face protection, machinery and machine guarding

50
Q

What is EPA and why is it important?

A

Environmental Protection Agency
- responsible for health surveillance, monitoring environmental hazards, setting and enforcing standards for air and water quality.
- this is the reason why we have clean air and water

51
Q

What is I PREPARE?

A

A tool that screens for environmental exposures
I - investigate for potential exposures

P - present work
R - residence
E - environmental exposures
P - past work
A - activities
R - referrals and resources
E - educate

52
Q

What is the importance of I PREPARE?

A

It helps providers make more accurate diagnosis, influence to course of disease by stopping current exposures, prevents disease in others by avoiding causative agent, prompt workplace evaluations and protection of workers.

53
Q

What does a AQI ( air quality index ) score of 0-50 mean?

A

Good: air quality is considered satisfactory, and air pollution poses little or no risk

54
Q

What does the AQI score of 51-100 mean?

A

Moderate: air quality is acceptable; however for some pollutants there may be a moderate health concern for a small number of people who are usually sensitive to air pollution.

55
Q

What does AQI score of 101-150 mean?

A

Unhealthy for sensitive groups: members of sensitive groups may experience health effects. The general public is not likely to be affected.

56
Q

What does a AQI score of 151-200 mean?

A

Unhealthy: everyone may begin to experience health effects: members of sensitive groups may experience more serious health effects

57
Q

What does a AQI score of 201-300 mean?

A

Very Unhealthy: health warnings of emergency conditions. The entire population is more likely to be affected

58
Q

What does a AQI score of 301-500 mean?

A

Health alert: everyone may experience more serious health affects.

59
Q

What does the US Department of Homeland Security do?

A

Was created in 2003, its mission is to prevent..
1. terrorism and enhance security
2. Secure and manage US borders
3. Enforce and administer immigration laws
4. Safeguard and secure cyberspace
5.Ensure resilience to disasters

  • Part of federal government
60
Q

What does the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) do?

A

supports citizens and emergency personnel to build, sustain, and improve the nation’s capability to prepare for, protect against, respond to, recover from, and mitigate all hazards.

  • Helps with temporary housing, repair or replacement of owner occupied homes, funds for other uninsured or under-insured disaster-caused expenses and serious needs and hazard mitigation assistance.
  • Part of federal government
61
Q

What does the CDC do? (in disaster mitigation)

A

Its role in disaster mitigation is to ensure that clean drinking water, food, shelter, and medical care are available for those affected. Often the focus is children because of increased risk.
- part of federal government

62
Q

What does the health department do in disater mitigation?

A

In times of disaster, health departments rely heavily on the Medical Reserve Corps (MRC), which is a network of more than 200,000
medical professional volunteers nationwide.
- part of federal government

63
Q

What is the mitigation stage in disaster management?

A

This stage includes actions taken to prevent or reduce the cause, impact, and consequences of disasters including but not limited to:

  1. Digging water channels to redirect water and planting vegetation to absorb water.
  2. Constructing levees or permanent barriers to control flooding.
  3. Building structure that can sustain hurricane force winds.
64
Q

What does the preparedness stage in disaster management?

A

This phase includes planning, training, and educational activities for events that cannot be mitigated.

For Families:

training in first aid
assembling a disaster emergency kit
establishing a predetermined meeting place away from home
making a family communication plan

65
Q

What does the response stage do in disaster management?

A

The response stage begins immediately after the disaster incident.

At this time authorities will provide instructions on either evacuation or sheltering in place.

Search and Rescue is part of the response.

66
Q

What does the recovery stage do in disaster management?

A

This stage begins when the damage from the disaster has passed. Clean up of the damage and repair of homes and businesses begin. Public services start to become restored. Based on the lessons learned from the experience, the disaster plan is evaluated and revised if needed.

67
Q

What does green mean when using the START tool?

A

is for the walking wounded or those with minor injuries who can wait several hours before receiving treatment

68
Q

What does yellow mean when using the START Tool?

A

is for those with systemic but not yet life threatening complications who can wait 45 to 60 minutes.

69
Q

What does RED mean when using the START Tool?

A

is considered top priority. In other words, these individuals have life threatening conditions however, they can be stabilized and have a high probability of survival.

70
Q

What does BLACK mean when using the START Tool?

A

is for the deceased or for those whose injuries are so extensive that nothing can be done to save them.

71
Q

What are the major environmental toxins, contaminants and how to reduce or avoid exposure?

A

Toxic poisoning
* machine-operation
* electrical hazards
* repetitive motion injuries
* carcinogenic particulate inhalation
* heavy metal poisoning

Community final (4 decks)

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