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PMLS 2 > Mod 5 > Flashcards

Mod 5 Flashcards

1
Q

begins in the laboratory when a test is ordered and ends when testing begins

A

preanalytical (before analysis)

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2
Q

values which patient results are compared to

A

Reference range

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3
Q

resting metabolic state of the body early in the morning after fasting for approximately 12 hours

A

Basal state

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4
Q

ideal for establishing reference ranges on inpatients

A

Basal state

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5
Q

Basal state is influenced by a number of physiologic patient variables:

A

Age
Gender
Conditions of the body that cannot be eliminated

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6
Q

specimens that are not basal-state specimens and may have slightly different reference ranges or normal values.

A

Outpatient

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7
Q

Age increase

A

RBC WBC

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8
Q

Age decrease

A

Kidney functions (creatinine clearance

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9
Q

Altitude increase

A

RBC
hemoglobin
hematocrit
uric acid
C-reactive protein

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10
Q

Altitude decrease

A

urinary creatinine
plasma renin

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11
Q

take weeks to adapt to high elevations/altitude; however, they adapt to return to sea level within days.

A

Analytes

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12
Q

decrease in body fluid

A

Dehydration

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13
Q

blood components that cannot easily leave the bloodstream

A

hemoconcentration

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14
Q

Dehydration increase

A

o RBC
o Enzyme
o Iron
o Calcium
o Sodium
o Coagulation factors (clotting
factors)

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15
Q

Strictly no ingestion of food approximately

A

8-12 hours overnight

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16
Q

nothing by mouth

A

nil per os

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17
Q

fasting beyond 12 hours can cause serious health problems, such as

A

electrolyte imbalance and heart rhythm disturbances

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18
Q

Diet increases

A

Ammonia, urea, and uric acid
Cortisol and Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Glucose
Lipid
Triglycerides, certain liver enzymes,
and other liver function analytes

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19
Q

Diet decreases

A

hemoglobin
electrolyte imbalance

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20
Q

Long term starvation increases

A

Creatinine
Ketone
Uric acid

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21
Q

Long-term starvation decreases

A

Cholesterol
Triglycerides
Urea

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22
Q

Factors that play a role in DIURNAL VARIATIONS

A
  1. Posture
  2. Activity
  3. Eating
  4. Being awake or asleep
  5. Daylight and darkness
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23
Q

increase at night and decrease during daylight hours

A

Melatonin

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24
Q

peaks around 8 am

A

Cortisol

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25
Q

peaks at pre-dawn hours of the morning during sleep.

A

Renin and Thyroid-stimulating hormone

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26
Q

peaks in the morning

A

Aldosterone, Bilirubin, Cortisol, Hemoglobin, Insulin, Iron, Potassium, Testosterone, RBC

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27
Q

normally lowest in the morning

A

Blood levels of Eosinophils, Creatinine, Glucose, Growth hormone, Triglycerides, and Phosphates

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28
Q

Drugs can also interfere with the actual test procedure, causing

A

false increases or decreases in test results.

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29
Q

drug may compete with the test reagents causing

A

falsely low or false-negative result

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30
Q

drug may enhance reaction, causing

A

Falsely high or false-positive result.

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31
Q

Chemotherapy drugs decrease

A

WBC, platelets

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32
Q

Most drugs that are toxic to liver increases

A

AST, ALP, LDH

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33
Q

Most drugs that are toxic to liver increases

A

AST, ALP, LDH

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34
Q

Most drugs that are toxic to liver decrease

A

Vitamin B12

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35
Q

Steroids and diuretics increase

A

Amylase, lipase

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36
Q

Thiazide diuretics increase

A

Calcium, glucose

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37
Q

Thiazide diuretics decrease

A

Sodium & potassium

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38
Q

Drugs that interfere with BLOOD TESTS should be stopped or avoided

A

4 to 24 hours prior to obtaining blood samples for testing

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39
Q

Drugs that interfere with the URINE TESTS should be

A

avoided for 48 to 72 hours prior to the urine sample collection.

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40
Q

Exercise increases

A
  • Glucose
  • Creatinine
  • Insulin
  • Lactic acid
  • Total protein

Potassium

  • Creatine kinase (CK)
    & Lactate dehydrogenase

Cholesterol

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41
Q

Excercise decreases

A

Arterial pH
* Carbon dioxide

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42
Q

Fever increases

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Cortisol

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43
Q

Higher level in males after sexual maturity

A

RBC, hemoglobin and hematocrit values

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44
Q

Intramascular injection increases

A

creatine kinase (CK)
skeletal muscle fraction of LDH

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45
Q

condition characterized by increased bilirubin (a product of the breakdown of RBC) in the blood

A

Jaundice (icterus)

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46
Q

relating to or marked by jaundice and is used to describe serum, plasma, or urine specimens that have an abnormal deep yellow to yellow-brown color due to high bilirubin levels.

A

icteric

47
Q

lying down on the back to an upright sitting or standing position

A

supine

48
Q

Supine position increases

A
  • Aldosterone
  • Calcium
  • Iron
  • Cholesterol
  • HDL
49
Q

Standing position increases

A

RBC
Potassium ion levels

50
Q

Pregnancy increases

A

body fluids

51
Q

Pregnancy decreases

A

diluting effect on RBC, RBC count

52
Q

Patients who smoke prior to specimen collection may increase

A
  • Cholesterol
  • Cortisol
  • Glucose
  • Growth hormone
  • Triglycerides
  • WBC count
53
Q

Chronic smoking increases

A
  • RBC count
  • Hemoglobin levels
54
Q

Smoking decreases

A

immunoglobulins IgA, IgG, IgM

55
Q

Smoking increases immunoglobulin

A

IgE

56
Q

Stress increases

A

ACTH
Catecholamines
Cortisol

57
Q

Stress decreases

A

Iron

58
Q

Temperature and humidity increases

A

plasma volume and influencing its composition

59
Q

areas are more susceptible to infection, and
contain dyes that can interfere with testing.

A

Tattooed areas

60
Q

hardened

A

sclerosed

61
Q

clotted

A

thrombosed

62
Q

swelling caused by the abnormal accumulation of fluid in the tissues.

A

Edema

63
Q

swelling or mass of blood (often clotted) that can be caused by blood leaking from a blood vessel during or following venipuncture.

A

hematoma

64
Q

obstruction or stoppage of normal lymph flow

A

lymphostasis

65
Q

Impaired lymph flow makes the arm susceptible to swelling, called

A

lymphedema

66
Q

catheter that is placed in an artery

A

arterial line (A-line or Art-line)

67
Q

arterial line (A-line or Art-line) is most commonly placed in

A

radial artery

68
Q

used to collect blood gas and other blood specimens and for the administration of drugs such as dopamine.

A

ARTERIAL LINE

69
Q

permanent surgical connection of an artery and vein by direct infusion (fistula), resulting in a bulging vein, or with a piece of vein or tubing (graft) that creates a loop under the skin

A

Arteriovenous shunt, fistula, graft

70
Q

direct infusion

A

fistula

71
Q

piece of vein or tubing

A

graft

72
Q

catheter or cannula connected to a stopcock or a cap with a diaphragm (thin rubber-like cover) that provides access for administering medication or drawing blood

A

HEPARIN or SALINE LOCK

73
Q

“of, pertaining to, or within a vein.”

A

INTRAVENOUS (IV) SITES

74
Q

catheter inserted in a vein to administer fluids.

A

IV

75
Q

If both arms have an IV line, it is preferred that the specimen be collected by

A

capillary puncture

76
Q

Blood specimens should not be collected from a known previous IV site within

A

24 to 48 hours

77
Q

central vascular access device (CVAD), also called an

A

indwelling line

78
Q

consists of tubing inserted into a main vein or artery.

A

central vascular access device (CVAD)

79
Q

Types of CVADs

A

Central venous Catheter (CVC)
Implanted port
Peripherally Inserted central catheter (PICC)

80
Q

line inserted into a large vein

exit end is surgically tunneled under the ski to a site several inches away in the chest

short lengths of capped tubing protrude from the exit site, which is normally covered with a transparent dressing

A

Central venous Catheter (CVC)

81
Q

small chamber attached to an indwelling line that is surgically implanted under the skin and most commonly located in the upper chest or arm.

A

Implanted port

82
Q

inserting a special needle through the skin into the self-sealing septum (wall) of the chamber.
The site is not normally covered with a bandage when not in use.

A

Implanted port

83
Q

line inserted into the peripheral venous system (veins of the extremities) and threaded into the central venous system.

A

Peripherally Inserted central catheter (PICC)

84
Q

Adhesive Allergy.
What to do?

A

place a clean, folded gauze
Wrap the bandage (remove it in 15 minutes.)
hold pressure for 5 minutes in lieu of applying a bandage.

85
Q

Antiseptic Allergy
What to do?

A

Use alternate antiseptic available in the lab

86
Q

Latex Allergy
What to do?

A

Ask the patient if he or she has allergy when exposed to latex
Use non-latex materials

87
Q

EXCESSIVE BLEEDING
What to do?

A

✓ Apply pressure onto puncture site until the bleeding stops
✓ Appropriate personnel should be notified

88
Q

Contributing factors to fainting:

A

o Anemia
o Dehydration
o Emotionalproblems
o Fatigue
o Hypoglycemia
o Hyperventilation
o Medications
o Nausea
o Needle phobia
o Poor compromised breathing

89
Q

SUDDEN FAINTNESS OR LOSS OF CONSCIOUSNESS DUE TO A NERVOUS SYSTEM RESPONSE TO ABRUPT PAIN, STRESS, OR TRAUMA

A

VASOVAGAL SYNCOPE

90
Q

signs of fainting

A

o Paleness
o Perspiration
o Hyperventilation
oVertigo
o Dizziness
o Light-headedness
o Nausea

91
Q

NAUSEA VOMITING

A

✓ Do not attempt to draw blood until the experience subsides.
✓ Discontinue the procedure if a blood draw is in progress.

92
Q

excessive, deep, blind, or lateral redirection of the needle in the puncture site

A

PROBING

93
Q

tiny, non-raised, red spots that appear on the patient’s skin when a tourniquet is applied

A

Petechia

94
Q

most common complication of venipuncture.

A

HEMATOMA FORMATION

95
Q

caused by blood leaking into the tissues during or following venipuncture and is identified by rapid swelling at or near the venipuncture site.

A

HEMATOMA FORMATION

96
Q

is an adjective used to describe an adverse condition brought on by the effects of treatment

A

IATROGENIC

97
Q

Blood loss to a point where life cannot be sustained

A

exsanguination

98
Q

most often associated with deep or blind probing, especially in the area of the basilic vein, which is in close proximity to the brachial artery

A

INADVERTENT ARTERIAL PUNCTURE

99
Q

Possible causes of a main nerve injury

A

• Poor site or improper vein selection
• inserting the needle too deeply or quickly
• movement by the patient as the needle is inserted
• excessive or lateral redirection of the needle, or blind probing while attempting
venipuncture

100
Q

Signs of Possible Nerve Injury

A

• EXTREME PAIN
• BURNING OR ELECTRIC-SHOCK
SENSATION
• NUMBNESS OF THE ARM
• PAIN THAT RADIATES UP OR DOWN THE ARM

101
Q

contents of the collection tube are in contact with the needle while the specimen is being drawn.

A

Reflux

102
Q

trapping of blood in an extremity by compression of veins

A

venostasis

103
Q

a decrease in the fluid content of the blood with a subsequent increase in nonfilterable large molecule or protein-based blood components.

A

hemoconcentration

104
Q

increase in levels due to hemoconcentration:

A
  • Red blood cells
  • Albumin
  • Ammonia
  • Calcium
  • Coagulation factors
  • Enzymes
  • Iron
  • Potassium
  • Cholesterol (increases up to 5% after 2 minutes of tourniquet application and up to 15% after 5 minutes)
105
Q
  • can increase potassium levels up to 20%
  • reported to be responsible for a third of all elevated potassium and
    may also increase lactate and phosphate levels
A

Vigorous hand pumping (making and releasing a fist)

106
Q

RBCs are damaged or destroyed and the hemoglobin they contain escapes into the fluid portion of the specimen.

A

HEMOLYSIS

107
Q

Hemolysis can erroneously elevate:

A
  • Ammonia
  • Catecholamines
  • Phosphate
  • Creatine kinase
  • Iron
  • Magnesium
  • Potassium
108
Q

Hemolysis can erroneously decrease:

A
  • RBC count
109
Q

should be filled until the normal amount of vacuum is exhausted.

A

Evacuated tube system tubes

110
Q

Excess EDTA can

A

shrink RBCs
alter the staining characteristics

111
Q

Excess heparin

A

interfere with the testing of some chemistry analytes.

112
Q

Excess sodium fluoride

A

result in hemolysis of the specimen.

113
Q

Underfilled coagulation tubes

A

produce erroneous results.

PMLS 2 (6 decks)

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