Mod 3 Flashcards
the primary organ of the cardiovascular system:
heart
Location of the heart
lies in the anterior medial area of the chest, posterior to the ribcage
pericardial cavity, mediastinum
Apex(facing left side of the body)
made up of 4 chambers that are separated by a medial muscular wall called
septum
Left atrium valve
Mitral
Left ventricle valve
Aortic
Right atrium valve
Tricuspid
Right ventricle valve
Pulmonary
Left atrium vessel
Pulmonary veins
Left ventricle vessel
Aorta
Right atrium vessel
Vena cava
Left ventricle vessel
Pulmonary artery
occurs as the heart beats, pumping blood through a system of blood vessels that carry blood to every part of the body.
cardiac cycle
two phases of the cardiac cycle are known as
systole
diastole.
occurs when the heart relaxes after contraction.
occurs when the heart contracts to pump blood out.
Diastole
Systole
responsible for the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to all the tissues of the body
Blood
movement of blood from the heart to the surrounding tissues and organs, and back to the heart
Systemic circulation
Color of blood leaving the aorta and flowing through the systemic arteries
bright red
Color of the blood in systemic veins
dark red
movement of deoxygenated blood from the heart and towards the lungs where gas exchange occurs.
Pulmonary circulation
tube-like structures capable of expanding and contracting and consist of three types.
Blood vessel
Blood vessel types
capillaries, arteries, and veins
microscopic blood vessels through which materials are exchanged between blood and tissue cells
Capillaries
carry blood away from the heart. Arteries carry oxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary artery).
Arteries
hollow passageway)
lumen
carry deoxygenated blood (except for the pulmonary veins). They have thinner walls and area not as
Veins
› Innermost layer (towards the lumen)
› Comprised of a single layer of endothelial cells
Tunica intima
› Middle layer
› Comprised of smooth muscle
cells, elastic and connective
tissue
› The layer is much thicker in
arteries, and veins have fewer elastic fibers
Tunica media
› Outermost layer
› Also known as the tunica
adventitia surrounding tissues
› the layer is thicker in veins to
prevent collapse of the blood
vessel and provide protection
composed entirely of connective fibers and surrounded by an external elastic lamina which functions to anchor vessels with
Tunica externa
accompany arteries within the fascial sleeve, whereas the superficial veins lie for most of their course outside the fascial sleeve.
deep veins
direct continuation of the basilic
vein, crosses the axilla and becomes the subclavian vein at the outer border of the first rib
axillary vein
direct continuation of the basilic
vein, crosses the axilla and becomes the subclavian vein at the outer border of the first rib.
axillary vein
receives the brachial veins in the lower portion of the axilla and the cephalic vein in the upper portion of the axilla
axillary vein
veins selected for most elective venipuncture.
superficial veins of the upper limb
Blood to the digits is drained through
anastomosis of palmar and dorsal digital veins
vein that arises from the radial aspect of dorsal venous network
cephalic vein
most common site for venipuncture
antecubital area.
Location of antecubital area
at the bend of the elbow also called the antecubital fossa.
Meaning of:
Antecubital
Fossa
in front of the elbow
shallow depression
shallow depression in the arm that is anterior to (in front of) and below the bend of the elbow
antecubital (AC) fossa
first choice location for venipuncture
AC Fossa
basic vein arrangements
H- and M-shaped patterns.
displayed by approximately 70% of the population and includes the median cubital vein, cephalic vein, and basilic vein
H-Shaped Antecubital Veins
it is the preferred vein for venipuncture
in the H-shaped pattern.
Located near the center of the antecubital area
Median cubital vein
often harder to palpate than the median cubital but is fairly well anchored and often the only vein that can be palpated
Cephalic vein
second choice vein for
venipuncture in the H-shaped pattern.
Located in the lateral aspect of the antecubital area
Cephalic vein
A large vein located on the medial aspect (inners ide) of the antecubital area
Basilic vein
easy to palpate but is not as well anchored and rolls more easily
Basilic vein
veins that form the M-shaped venous distribution pattern include
cephalic vein
median vein
median cephalic vein
median basilic vein
basilic vein
also called the intermediate antebrachial vein
Median vein
wellanchored,
tends to be less painful to puncture, and is not as close to major nerves or arteries
Median vein
also called the intermediate cephalic vein
Median cephalic vein
accessible
and is for the most part located away from major nerves or arteries
Median cephalic vein
also called the intermediate basilic vein
Median basilic vein
located near the anterior and posterior branches of the medial cutaneous nerve and the brachial artery
Median basilic vein
can also be used for intravenous infusions as well as for drawing blood if the antecubital vein isn’t accessible.
Dorsal Metacarpal Veins
not used for routine blood collection
Arteries
requires special training to perform, is more painful and hazardous to the patient
Arterial puncture
limited to the collection of arterial blood gas (ABG) specimens for the evaluation of respiratory function
Arterial puncture
Blood is a connective tissue composed of a liquid extracellular matrix called blood plasma
complex transport medium for nutrients
Blood
pH of blood
7.35 – 7.45
average adult has a total blood volume
5 – 6 liters
Blood volume is composed of
20% of extracellular fluid and 8% of body mass
Blood is composed of
plasma, and formed elements.
clear, straw – colored fluid that is primarily made up of water, proteins and other solutes.
Blood plasma
exert osmotic pressure facilitating the maintenance of water balance between blood and tissues
Proteins in blood
primarily reserved for blood gas evaluation and certain emergency situations and performed only by those with special training.
Arterial blood composition
affected by metabolic activity of the tissue it drains and varies by collection site.
Venous blood composition
contains arterial and venous blood plus tissue fluid.
Capillary blood
cells and cell fragments
formed elements
watery liquid extracellular matrix that contains dissolved substances
blood plasma
transport gases (oxygen, carbon dioxide) throughout the body and
maintain systemic acid/base balance
Erythrocytes 45%
fraction occupied by the red blood cells to the entire blood volume is known as
hematocrit
protect the body from invading pathogens and other foreign substances
Leukocytes
Phagocytosis. Destruction of bacteria with lysozyme, defensins,
and strong oxidants, such as superoxide anion, hydrogen peroxide, and hypochlorite anion.
Neutrophil (60-70%)
Combat effects of histamine in allergic reactions, phagocytize
antigen– antibody complexes, and destroy certain parasitic worms.
Eosinophils (2-4%)
Liberate heparin, histamine, and serotonin in allergic reactions that
intensify overall inflammatory response.
Basophil (0.5 – 1%)
Mediate immune responses, including antigen–antibody reactions.
Lymphocytes (20–25%)
Phagocytosis (after transforming into fixed or wandering
macrophages)
Monocytes (3-8%)
cell fragments that form a clot to prevent blood from leaking out of the blood vessel
Platelets/thrombocytes
Major constituent of blood.
Acts as a solvent and suspending medium.
Also functions to absorb, transport, and release heat.
Water (91.5%)
Responsible for colloid osmotic pressure.
Major contributors to blood viscosity.
Transport hormones(steroid), fatty acids, and calcium.
Help regulate blood pH.
Plasma proteins (7%)
Smallest and most numerous plasma proteins. Help maintain osmotic pressure, an important factor in the exchange of fluids across blood capillary walls.
Albumin
Large proteins (plasma cells produce immunoglobulins). Immunoglobulins help attack viruses and bacteria. Alpha and beta globulins transport iron, lipids, and fat-soluble vitamins.
Globulins
Large protein. Plays essential role in blood clotting.
Fibrinogen
Inorganic salts; positively charged (cations) Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+; negatively charged (anions) Cl−, HPO42−, SO42−, HCO3−
Electrolytes
Products of digestion, such as amino acids, glucose, fatty acids, glycerol, vitamins, and minerals.
Nutrients
Oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen (N2)
Gases
Enzymes, hormones, vitamins.
Regulatory substances
Urea, uric acid, creatinine, bilirubin, ammonia. Most are breakdown products of protein metabolism that are carried by the blood to organs of excretion.
Waste products.
FORMED ELEMENTS COMPONENTS
Red blood cells (45%)
White blood cells
Platelets
BLOOD PLASMA COMPONENTS
Water (91.5%)
Plasma proteins (7%)
Other solutes (1.5%)
