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ASM 104 - ASU > Mod 4 Quiz > Flashcards

Mod 4 Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

altruism

A

when behavior benefits other organisms, at a cost to itself (the organism)

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2
Q

cooperate

A

the process where groups of organisms work or act together for common or mutual benefits

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3
Q

defect

A

not cooperating (in a group setting)

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4
Q

mutualism

A

a relationship in which both species are benefited

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5
Q

game theory

A

players attempting to maximize payoffs by interactive decision making ; tool for predicting the best strategy

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6
Q

payoff matrix

A

a table that contains the options that are available to players of a game

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7
Q

prisoner’s dilemma

A

two strategies that can cause a certain amount in jail (punishment) and which will one choose:
1. snitch
2. silent

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8
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

individuals balance reciprocal acts ; “i’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine.”

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9
Q

dictator game

A

questions the assumption that individuals will act solely out of self-interest

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10
Q

ultimatum game

A

two players, a proposer and a responder, bargain over a fixed amount of money ; punishment is important for maintaining cooperation

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11
Q

inequity aversion

A

dislike distributions that are not balanced

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12
Q

what is the definition of cooperation, and why is it puzzling?

A

a) when an individual acts in a manner that benefits others
b) why cooperate when you could ‘cheat’ and reap the benefits from others’ cooperation without suffering any costs?

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13
Q

how is human cooperation special (in terms of frequency, contexts, strangers, etc)?

A

humans will cooperate with individuals that they will, likely, never see again

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14
Q

how does kin selection help explain cooperation among relatives?

A

1) related individuals often cluster
2) altruism can evolve through kin selection

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15
Q

what are some examples of non-kin cooperation in non-human primates?

A

1) remora hitching a ride from a sea turtle
2) monkeys grooming each other
3) sea things cleaning sharks back for food

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16
Q

what is mutualism, and when will it evolve?

A

1) benefit of all parties
2) evolves when there is no benefit to slacking off

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17
Q

what is game theory, and why is useful?

A

1) players attempting to maximize payoffs by interactive decision making
2) tool for predicting the best strategy

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18
Q

what does the payoff matrix for a mutualism look like?

A

cooperating always yields a higher immediate payoff than defecting (not cooperating)

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19
Q

what is the best strategy for
player a when b cooperates? when b defects?

A

payoff (benefit) to individual a ; regardless of b’s strategy, the best strategy for a is to cooperate

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20
Q

in prisoner’s dilemma - what strategy yields the biggest payoff for a if b cooperates? If b defects? what does this mean for the evolution of cooperation?

A

1) if both are silent then they both only get 6 months
2) a will get 10 years in jail
3) the prisoner’s dilemma exists in nature and it persists

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21
Q

are there cases in the wild where animals appear to face the equivalent of a prisoner’s dilemma?

A

yes, an example would be vervet monkey’s and vampire bats

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22
Q

what is reciprocal altruism, and how does it help explain cooperation, even if animals face a prisoner’s dilemma?

A

1) “i’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine”
2) individuals balance reciprocal acts; such as grooming, food sharing, etc.

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23
Q

is reciprocal altruism widespread in humans?

A

yes

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24
Q

how do we explain random acts of kindness in humans? helping strangers (sometimes risking one’s life)?

A

cooperating helps to improve relationships

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25
Q

what do the results of cross-cultural dictator and ultimatum games tell us about human tendencies regarding fairness?

A

they are not as clear cut as de waal made it seem

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26
Q

are humans inequity averse?

A

yes

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27
Q

is punishment important for
maintaining human cooperation?

A

yes

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28
Q

do non-human primates care about fairness?

A

chimpanzees are not averse to inequity and do not punish

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29
Q

what is lethal coalitionary aggression, and is it rare or common in the animal kingdom?

A

1) power groups of coresident males bonded by kinship
2) very rare

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30
Q

how would you characterize chimpanzee territoriality?

A

lethal coalitionary - very violent and protective of their area

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31
Q

what sorts of behaviors do chimps exhibit territorially?

A

border patrol, specific calls, and violent

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32
Q

how many individuals (chimps) participate in guarding the territory?

A

shifts as they walk around the territory

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33
Q

under what circumstances do chimps attack for their territory?

A

if an animal(s) has invaded it and it does not belong to their group

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34
Q

when attacks occur, are they usually many vs. one? or when groups are evenly matched?

A

1) if the patrol outweighs the trespassers then they fight
2) not as often when they are evenly matched

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35
Q

are attackers usually injured (in chimps)?

A

yes! chimps are very violent to them

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36
Q

why do chimpanzees attack their neighbors?

A

the distribution of food causes chimpanzees to have a fission-fusion social system –> in order to secure more resources or mates

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37
Q

what are the main predictions of the imbalance of power hypothesis?

A

1) power asymmetry between opponents provokes attack
2) power symmetry suppresses attack

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38
Q

what are the results of the wilson et al. studies?

A

?????

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39
Q

how is human warfare evolutionarily novel in terms of: scale, relatedness of participants and reproductive status of participants

A

large scale, unrelated, and reproductive

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40
Q

what is the turkana people’s subsistence strategy?

A

subsistence pastoralists—little production for market

41
Q

do the turkana people have leaders? government?

A

no

42
Q

what are the turkana people’s settlements like?

A

live in small nomadic settlements

43
Q

what kinds of raids do the turkana perform against neighboring tribes?

A

offense: stealth & force raids
defense: patrols, reinforcement, homestead defense

44
Q

what are the characteristics of these raids?

A

informal mobilization ; no formal command structure ; no joint training

45
Q

are raid participants typically related? do they
always know each other?

A

???

46
Q

what is the probability of dying on a force raid?

A

1.1%

47
Q

what are the benefits of raiding?

A

marry earlier/have more people to reproduce with

48
Q

what does professor mathew’s research reveal about why turkana men participate in raids?

A

punishment is key in humans??

49
Q

cultural evolution

A

1) by 10,000 years ago, humans occupied every terrestrial habitat except antarctica
2) humans are very good at learning and causal reasoning tasks (but not that good)
3) people who left africa were tropical foragers
4) artic circle problem!

50
Q

imitation

A

a) an increase of the ability of a population to adapt only if imitation increases the fitness of learners
b) 1) selective hearing ; 2) accumulation of small improvements

51
Q

conclusion of imitation and cumulative culture

A

1) hard problems = ignore reason (don’t need to understand why) and copy others
2) easy problems = figure out yourself
3) people have to believe others

52
Q

maladaptive ideas

A

prestige bias, which is the tendency to imitate successful people ; but, sometimes it’s hard to know what constitutes “success”

53
Q

historical perspective on race

A

linneaus
- classified 4 human subspecies, corresponding to american, european, asian & african.
- based on skin and hair color

54
Q

anthropological interest in race

A

1) craniometry
2) social darwinism
3) criminal anthropology
4) eugenics

55
Q

craniometry

A

measurement of the skull - claim that skull size correlated with intelligence and phrenology

56
Q

phrenology

A

shape & contours of skull reveal talents and abilities

57
Q

social darwinism

A

physical traits used to ‘justify’ discrimination

58
Q

criminal anthropology (lombroso)

A

idea that criminals are born that way; 1) Atavism, 2) Criminals are apes, “throwbacks” (more than 5 traits leads to genetic predisposition)

59
Q

atavism

A

evolutionary ‘primitive’ traits occasionally reappear

60
Q

eugenics

A

society’s problems can be solved by controlling gene pool, remove “undesirables” ; people were sterilized

61
Q

problems with eugenics

A

1) reification – labels are not meaningful
2) arbitrariness – who decides who is fit?
3) hereditarianism – assumes all behaviors are genetic
4) superiority (i.e., “fitness”) is time dependent

62
Q

ancient dna (aDNA)

A

1) DNA can be preserved for hundreds, thousands, and even hundreds of thousands of years (under the right conditions)
2) aDNA can give us lots of information about many different things, including dispersal, evolutionary relationships, etc
teeth is a good place to find aDNA

63
Q

how is aDNA a challenge to work with?

A

1) it degrades easily, either from the bacteria that decomposed the corpse, or from heat and humidity
2) scientists have to be very careful not to contaminate samples with their own DNA – can change the results
3) often have to destroy a specimen to extract aDNA

64
Q

how is the DNA between the neandertals and homo sapiens compared

A

1) genomes of modern humans (of non-african origin) contain 1% - 4% neandertal DNA
2) interbreeding!

65
Q

fate of neandertals

A

1) likely to be a combination
2) there was certainly some genetic assimilation b/c there are neandertal genes in our genomes

66
Q

how is human behavior shaped?

A

a mix of genes and environment - some is innate and some is learned

67
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

the goal of this field is to understand how humans think - the brain developed in a different type of environment and that relates to how many problems of society

68
Q

wason selection task

A

illustrates that humans are better at logic when it involves a
social contract, particularly detecting cheaters

69
Q

inbreeding avoidance behavior

A

1) close relatives are likely to carry alleles for the same diseases
2) increases the likelihood of combining two heterozygous individuals for the same disease, making inbreeding a behavior that would decrease one’s fitness
3) natural selection should therefore favor behavioral adaptations that reduce the tendency for humans to want to engage in inbreeding

70
Q

how to avoid inbreeding?

A

1) leave natal group at sexual maturity (chimps)
2) sexual consorts between between siblings are less cohesive than unrelated individuals

71
Q

how do animals recognize kin?

A

1) contextual cues (association)
2) phenotypic matching (smell, physical likeness to self)

72
Q

the westermarch effect

A

adults are not attracted to individuals they grew up with (supportive evidence: “minor marriages” in china and kibbutizm in israel)

73
Q

female mating preferences

A

1) resources are the limiting factor
2) should therefore prefer males that can provide for her (and her offspring)

74
Q

male mating preferences

A

1) female fertility is the limiting factor
2) prefer females that are healthy and fertile

75
Q

what is race as a biological concept?

A

geographically circumscribed, genetically differentiated population

76
Q

if humans can be biologically divided into races, what would be expected?

A

1) to see biological variation across geographic regions
2) to see biologically distinct populations, (which means: easily identifiable groups with minimal gene flow between them and the biological differences between groups are not solely adaptive)

77
Q

can we identify distinct groups of humans?

A

there is geographic variation but even if we could decide on the number of races there is no one place that they would all live in AND there are too many traits to consider

78
Q

myth of the primitive isolate

A

the idea that at some point early in our species history there were isolated, pristine populations of “pure” races that did not interbreed, and that races today descended from these ancient races (doesn’t match behavior of early homo)

79
Q

genetic data

A

there is more genetic variation within “traditional” races or populations than between them (traditional race divisions explain only 6-10% of all genetic variation found within humans)

80
Q

convergent evolution

A

create people with similar traits in different parts of the world that have similar climate (head shape, nose shape, skin color, body build)

81
Q

allen’s rule

A

animals in cold climates tend to have large, stout bodies, while those in hot climates have long, thin bodies

82
Q

can allen’s rule have the same meaning between humans?

A

yes ; artic = shorter, stout while tropical/equatorial = tall, lean

83
Q

what are the two main sources of biological variation among humans?

A

1) acclimation
2) adaption

84
Q

acclimation

A

short term changes that reflect responses to specific environmental conditions ; manifested within an individual person

85
Q

adaption

A

manifested at the population level ; results from changes in allele frequencies

86
Q

examples of adaption include what?

A

high altitude adaption ; skin color adaption

87
Q

what is the correct answer to the variation of biological race?

A

the result of adaptation to the environment rather than long-term isolation

88
Q

bioarcheology

A

analysis of human skeletal remains recovered from archaeological sites (primary goal: understand lifestyles of past peoples)

89
Q

where do they study bioarcheology?

A

mass burials/cemeteries

90
Q

epidemiology

A

study of the determinants, dynamics and distribution of disease

91
Q

what are the major determinants of mortality

A

1) infectious
2) chronic/degenerative
3) accidental/occupational
3) inter-personal violence

92
Q

epidemiological transition theory:

A

general shift from acute infectious diseases characteristic of underdevelopment to chronic non-contagious diseases characteristic of modernization and advanced levels of development

93
Q

paleopathology

A

study of disease in the past using evidence of disease in bones and teeth

94
Q

what’s a major caveat to paleopathology?

A

1) limited to only those diseases that involve the skeleton
2) one can have a disease but still have a healthy skeleton

95
Q

generalized metabolic stress

A

most infectious diseases, does not directly affect the skeleton (measuring stress is often more informative than considering specific diseases)

96
Q

forensic anthropology

A

deals with skeletonized or decomposed remains for the purpose of aiding in a legal investigation

97
Q

what are the elements to a forensic investigation?

A

1) determine if remains are of medical or legal significance
2) participate in archaeological recovery
3) identify the victim (establish a biological profile)
4) reconstruct cause of death and interpret crime scene (gunshot wound, homicide, etc.)

98
Q

peri-mortem vs post-mortem

A

peri = before and post = after

ASM 104 - ASU (4 decks)

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