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ASM 104 - ASU > Mod 1 Quiz (SG) > Flashcards

Mod 1 Quiz (SG) Flashcards

1
Q

adaption

A

a change or the process of change by which an organism or species becomes better suited to its environment

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2
Q

adaptive radiation

A

ecological niche and rapid diversification fills niches

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3
Q

allele

A

version of a gene that directs the production of a form of the protein that produces a specific trait (ex. yellow)

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4
Q

allele frequency

A

the proportion of one specific allele compared to the total number of alleles in a population (add up to be 100%)

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5
Q

allopatric speciation

A

biological populations become geographically isolated from each other and effects reproduction between the species

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6
Q

amino acids

A

molecules that combine to form proteins

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7
Q

anticodon

A

matching code located at the end of tRNA that fits with the mRNA

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8
Q

ancestral trait

A

(old) present in more distant common ancestor(s) of the group

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9
Q

base pair

A

consists of two complementary DNA nucleotide bases that pair together to form the DNA (ex: A and T)

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10
Q

biological species concept

A

a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring

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11
Q

chromosome

A

holds protein and DNA

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12
Q

codon

A

a sequence of three nucleotides which together form a unit of genetic code in a DNA or RNA molecule.

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13
Q

crossing over

A

the exchange of DNA between paired homologous chromosomes (one from each parent) that occurs during the development of egg and sperm cells (meiosis)

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14
Q

derived trait

A

(new) evolved in the most recent common ancestor of the group

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15
Q

diploid

A

2 complete sets of chromosomes

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16
Q

dominant trait

A

inherited traits that, when presented, are expressed (ex: DD, Dd)

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17
Q

ecological species concept

A

a set of organisms adapted to a particular set of resources, called a niche, in the environment

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18
Q

founder effect

A

random chance that this group leaves (ex: amish community)

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19
Q

frameshift

A

a genetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read

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20
Q

gamete

A

reproductive cells (ovum[egg], sperm) –> haploid = 1 copy of each chromosome, human = 23 chromosomes not paired

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21
Q

gene

A

basic physical and functional unit of heredity

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22
Q

genetic bottleneck

A

random sampling of survivors; population growth (ex: different allele frequencies in post-tornado population)

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23
Q

genotype

A

the specific make up of a trait (Yy, yy, YY)

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24
Q

gene flow

A

the movement of alleles among populations through interbreeding

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25
Q

genotype frequency

A

the proportion of a population that possesses a particular genotype

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26
Q

gene pool

A

all of the alleles in a population

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27
Q

haploid

A

a cell that contains a single set of chromosomes

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28
Q

heterozygous

A

two different alleles present at the same time (Yy)

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29
Q

homology

A

the state of having the same or similar relation, relative position, or structure (ex: forearms in mammals)

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30
Q

homoplasy

A

the development of organs or other bodily structures within different species, which resemble each other and have the same functions, but did not have a common ancestral origin (ex: panda’s “thumb”)

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31
Q

homozygous

A

two of the same alleles present at the same time (YY, yy)

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32
Q

hypothesis

A

a concept or idea that you test through research and experiments

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33
Q

independent assortment

A

different genes independently separate from one another when reproductive cells develop

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34
Q

locus

A

the physical location of a gene/allele on a strand of DNA (ex: page number of the recipe)

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35
Q

microevolution

A

changes in the frequencies of alleles within a population

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36
Q

monohybrid cross

A

a breeding experiment in which the parents differ in only one genetically determined trait that creates an opposite phenotype (mendel) (ex: PP and pp = PP and Pp)

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37
Q

mRNA (messenger RNA)

A

creates mirror image of DNA bases and moves the message to the ribosome

38
Q

mutation

A

changes in an individual’s DNA sequence

39
Q

nucleus

A

contains DNA

40
Q

nucleotide

A

sugar molecule and phosphate molecule, one of four bases - GTCA

41
Q

occam’s razors

A

when two hypothesis have the same predictions and available data cannot distinguish between them, the more simple solution is likely to be correct

42
Q

parapatric speciation

A

a smaller population is isolated from a larger group, and becomes differentiated to the point of becoming a new species (cannot reproduce with the original population)

43
Q

phenotype

A

the physical expression of the genes or what we see (ex: hair color)

44
Q

phylogeny

A

evolutionary history of organisms and their relationships based on evidence of common ancestry (diagram: branching of species from common ancestors → tree-like in form)

45
Q

pleiotropy

A

one gene influences more than one trait

46
Q

polygenic traits

A

characteristic influenced by one or more gene (ex: height)

47
Q

population

A

the number of organisms in a certain area

48
Q

prediction

A

a statement about a future event or future data

49
Q

principle of segregation

A

describes how gene variants are separated into reproductive cells (different expressions of a trait are controlled by discrete units that occur in pairs, separation of the pair during reproduction, offspring inherit one unit from each parents, during fertilization the pairs reunite to determine the expression of the trait in the offspring)

50
Q

sister chromatid

A

exact replicas, resulting from duplication

51
Q

somatic cell

A

liver cells, nerve cells, muscle cells (diploid = 2 copies of each chromosome; humans: 23 pairs of chromosomes, 46 total)

52
Q

recessive trait

A

not expressed if there is a dominant allele at the same locus (must be two alleles of the same recessive trait to express the trait (y))

53
Q

ribosome

A

protein synthesis (bind messenger RNA and transfer RNA to synthesize polypeptides and proteins)

54
Q

theory

A

a hypothesis that has received overwhelming support through repeated studies

55
Q

transcription

A

mRNA winds itself into the DNA in the nucleus

56
Q

translation

A

the process through which information encoded in messenger RNA (mRNA) directs the addition of amino acids during protein synthesis

57
Q

tRNA (translation RNA)

A

links amino acids together to form a protein in the ribosome

58
Q

typological species concept

A

a species defined by its fixed, unchanging properties

59
Q

mitosis

A

cell division that gives rise to genetically identical cells in which the number of chromosomes is maintained (diploid) ; splits once

60
Q

meiosis

A

special type of cell division that reduces the chromosome number by half, creating four haploid cells, each genetically distinct from the parent cell that gave rise to them ; splits twice

61
Q

darwin’s theory of adaptation

A

an organism’s feature that was functionally designed by the process of evolution by selection acting in nature in the past

62
Q

variation

A

the difference in DNA among individuals or the differences between populations among the same species

63
Q

convergent evolution

A

different species but similar ecological niches and adapt in similar ways because of similar pressures (ex: flight between bats and hawk is very different but overall they are accomplishing the same goal)

64
Q

heredity

A

the passing of characteristics from one generation to another

65
Q

gregor mendel (experiments)

A

plant hybrids (1865), first to trace characteristics of successive generations of living things, peas, different traits inherited independently

66
Q

polygenetic inheritance

A

multiple genes for one trait, includes most traits of the skeleton, traits are continuous, rather than discrete

67
Q

phenylketonuria (PKU)

A

absence of enzyme that converts phenylalanine to tyrosine

68
Q

proteins

A
  1. structural
  2. antibody
  3. enzyme
  4. messenger
  5. transport
69
Q

enzyme

A

carry out chemical reactions, metabolism

70
Q

antibody

A

bind to foreign elements, protection

71
Q

primary amino acid sequence

A

fold to form functional proteins

72
Q

DNA vs RNA

A

DNA = storing and transferring genetic information, RNA = directly codes for amino acids and as acts as a messenger between DNA and ribosomes to make proteins

73
Q

human chromosomes

A

23

74
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

same size and contain DNA that codes for the same traits (ex: eye color), but can contain different alleles

75
Q

genetic variation

A
  1. mutations are the only source of new alleles
  2. evolution is only possible because of mistakes made when replicating DNA
76
Q

point mutations

A

a change in one base (only affects one codon set): ex: sickle cell anemia

77
Q

insertion mutation

A

a base is inserted into a sequence and causes a fragment shift (all codon sets after the insertion are changed): ex: crohn’s disease

78
Q

deletion mutation

A

a base is deleted, causes a fragment shift (changes all codon sets with/after the deleted one): ex: cystic fibrosis

79
Q

inversion mutation

A

a portion of DNA is flipped (codon set is inverted)

80
Q

fitness

A

the relative ability of an organism to survive and transmit its genes to the next generation → how many offspring one has in their lifetime

81
Q

genetic drifts

A

random changes in allele frequency over time

82
Q

speciation

A

the process by which new species arise from existing ones

83
Q

sympatric speciation

A

no geographic separation, different morphs (or behavior) that are equally successful

84
Q

ecological niche

A

the way an organism “makes a living”

85
Q

convergence

A

due to similar environmental pressures, natural selection produced similar adaptations in species from different evolutionary lineages

86
Q

outgroup

A

closely related group outside the study group (ex: dog in lab)

87
Q

taxonomy

A

the classification of something, especially organisms

88
Q

the comparative method

A

seek evidence for adaptive evolution by investigating how the characteristics of organisms, such as their size, shape, life histories, and behaviors, evolve together across species

89
Q

evolution

A

the change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations

90
Q

blended characteristics

A

casual observations (fur color or body size) led to this idea → this would remove any variations in population (everything would look the same)

ASM 104 - ASU (4 decks)

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