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ASM 104 - ASU > Mod 3 Quiz (3.1, 3.2, 3.3) (SG) > Flashcards

Mod 3 Quiz (3.1, 3.2, 3.3) (SG) Flashcards

1
Q

cenozoic era

A

66 million years ago, dominance of mammals, birds, and angiosperms

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2
Q

paleocene epoch

A

65 million years ago, overall cooling (with fluctuations), changing temperatures caused by plate tectonics & ocean currents

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3
Q

eocene epoch

A

56 million years ago, northern latitudes had tropical climates, tropical climates caused rain forests in north america, up to present-day alaska, >200 species of eocene primates

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4
Q

oligocene epoch

A

34 million years ago, surface seawater much cooler, antarctic ice cap developed, northernmost tropical forests disappeared

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5
Q

miocene epoch

A

23 million years ago, kelp forests and grasslands, warming at end of oligocene, northern tropical forests returned miocene ape radiation 23 – 5.3 million years ago

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6
Q

pliocene epoch

A

5 million years ago, dramatic modernization of mammals, development of ice caps

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7
Q

pleistocene epoch

A

2.5 million years ago, extensive ice sheets and other glaciers formed repeatedly on the landmasses, aka great ice age

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8
Q

holocene epoch

A

10,000 years ago, development of major civilizations, impacts of human species worldwide

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9
Q

oreopithecus

A

late miocene (8mya), found in tuscany, long arms/short legs, short trunk, mobile joints, possibly bipedal, inner ear bony labyrinth consistent with bipedalism, foot shows unique adaptation for stability on two feet: a very widely displaced big toe

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10
Q

angiosperm (hypothesis)

A

just had an adaptive radiation, the availability of abundant fruits and flowers in the terminal branches of tropical forest trees provided a windfall of foods (fruit AND insects) that were eaten by the earliest primate ancestors

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11
Q

gymnosperm

A

non-flowering trees with no fruit or flowers

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12
Q

plesiadapiforms

A

65-54 million years ago, diverse, successful group, found in north america and europe during paleocene, probably a sister taxon to euprimates

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13
Q

adapiformes

A

resembled lemurs, generalized arboreal quadrupeds with some leaping, folivorous, diurnal

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14
Q

omomyiformes

A

extinct, resembled tarsiers, insectivorous, nocturnal, leapers

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15
Q

eosimiidae

A

tiny primates, possibly ancestors of haplorhines, 2 species ~10 grams, in Asia

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16
Q

fayum

A

elwyn simons, rich in early oligocene fossils, haplorrhine primates (earliest unambiguous haplorrhines 36-33 million years ago, reduction of snout compared to strepsirrhines, post-orbital closure, mandibular fusion)

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17
Q

rafting hypothesis

A

small african mammals were washed out to sea during storms and floated to madagascar on trees or large mats of vegetation, possibly while hibernating

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18
Q

proconsul

A

genus found in about 6 localities, ranges from 20 to 17 million years ago, several species known, tail or no tail?, Y-5 molar pattern (ape-like), largish brain (ape-like), flexible shoulder (ape-like)

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19
Q

what are the different epochs within the cenozoic era, and when did each start and end?

A

the paleogene (65 million years ago), the neogene (23 million years ago), and the quaternary (2.6 million years ago)

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20
Q

what is the order of the epochs within the cenozoic era, from oldest to most recent?

A

paleocene (65 million years ago), eocene (56 million years ago), oligocene (34 million years ago), miocene (23 million years ago), pliocene (5 million years ago), holocene (10,000) and, pleistocene (2.5 million years ago)

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21
Q

during the cenozoic era, did the earth became gradually cooler or warmer?

A

the climate started out warm and gradually cooled to today

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22
Q

what is the difference between gymnosperms and angiosperms?

A

seeds of the angiosperm develop in ovaries but seeds of the gymnosperms are formed in unisexual cones

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23
Q

what are angiosperm forests like (compared to gymnosperm forests)?

A

lush, many layers, closed cooler, many niches, dominant animals: mammals & birds

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24
Q

when did angiosperms have an adaptive radiation, and what were the consequences for the earliest primates?

A

paleocene (65 million years ago), animals eat them and inadvertently spread seeds

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25
Q

what were the characteristics of the plesiadapiformes, and what epoch did they live in?

A

65-54 million years ago, 75 species, insectivorous & frugivorous, found in north america and europe during paleocene

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26
Q

were plesiadapiforms the ancestors of primates, or a sister group?

A

sister taxon to euprimates

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27
Q

which living mammals are most closely related to primates?

A

flying lemurs

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28
Q

what was the climate like at the start of the eocene? what consequences did this have for tropical forests, and primate evolution?

A

a) northern latitudes had tropical climates, tropical climates caused rain forests in north america, up to present-day alaska.
b) increases in plant diversity created new environmental niches favorable for primates

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29
Q

what are the two major groups of eocene primates and which living primates did they resemble?

A
  1. adapiformes - resembled lemurs
  2. omomyiformes (extinct) -resembled tarsiers
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30
Q

which group of very small primates was likely to be the ancestors of all haplorrhines?

A

eosimiidae

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31
Q

where and when were the earliest unambiguous haplorrhines found?

A

the fayum, egypt, 36-35 million years ago

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32
Q

what is the most likely scenario for primate evolution in south america? when did the earliest s. american primates live?

A

a) rafted from africa – a fayum ancestor → caviomorph rodents appear in s. america at about the same time
b) 34 million years ago

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33
Q

how did the climate change at the end of the oligocene/start of the miocene? what consequences did this have for forests and primates

A

a) warming at end of oligocene
b) northern tropical forests returned ; ape diversity decreasing everywhere

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34
Q

in the miocene, there was a huge radiation of which primate group?

A

extant apes (primates: hominoidea)

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35
Q

was proconsul an ape or a monkey? what traits did it have that tell us this? what continent did it live on?

A

a) an ape
b) Y-5 molar pattern (ape-like), largish brain (ape-like), flexible shoulder (ape-like)
c) eastern africa

36
Q

where did oreopithecus live, and why do scientists think it might have been bipedal?

A

a) tuscany
b) long arms/short legs, short trunk, mobile joints

37
Q

have scientists found any significant ape fossils in africa from between 15-8 million years ago?

A

no, there is a gap in fossil record

38
Q

foramen magnum

A

hole in the middle of the skull base that the spinal cord passes through

39
Q

bipedality

A

the ability to walk on two legs

40
Q

lumbar lordosis

A

the natural curve of the lower back (lumbar) area of the spine

41
Q

sacrum

A

a triangular bone in the lower back formed from fused vertebrae and situated between the two hipbones of the pelvis

42
Q

center of gravity

A

the average location of the weight of an object/animal/thing

43
Q

quadrapedal

A

using all four feet for walking and running

44
Q

Iliac blades

A

attachment site for both hindlimb and caudal musculature

45
Q

valgus knee

A

angle on the knee

46
Q

convergent toe

A

big toe is parallel to the rest of the toes

47
Q

divergent toe

A

a deformity which occurs when two or more toes splay in opposing directions (mostly big toe)

48
Q

hominid

A

modern humans and all great apes

49
Q

hominin

A

modern humans, extinct human species and all our immediate ancestors

50
Q

honing premolars

A

teeth sharpened by lower third premolars ; used as weapons

51
Q

intermembral index (imi)

A

forelimb length / hindlimb length X 100 –> human: imi = 70 ; ape: imi = 106

52
Q

how can one determine whether a primate is a habitual biped, and why?

A

walk on all fours, foramen magnum in the middle of the skull base, barrel-shaped rib cage, shape of spine (more curvature) is vertebral column, lordosis and the sacrum, pelvis shape, limb proportions, valgus knee = angle on the knee, arch in foot = shock absorber, convergent big toe (close to other toes), straight toe bones

53
Q

mate provisioning hypothesis (evolution of hominin bipedality)

A

males would gather food and bring it back to females – hence, their hands needed to be free to carry these items ; but, this would mean that pair-bonding evolved early and sexual dimorphism suggests otherwise

54
Q

tool use hypothesis (evolution of hominin bipedality)

A

hands needed to be free to make and use tools to hunt ; but, don’t find evidence of stone tools until long after bipedalism

55
Q

thermoregulation hypothesis (evolution of hominin bipedality)

A

reduced heat gain, increased heat loss ; but, lots of quadrupedal animals in savannahs

56
Q

climbing mechanical model hypothesis (evolution of hominin bipedality)

A

retention of suspensory morphology ; perhaps arboreal habitat became patchy and arboreal ancestors had to travel on the ground and had to walk bipedally because of their morphology

57
Q

do we know why bipedality evolved?

A

the freeing of the hands to use and carry tools, threat displays, sexual dimorphism in food gathering, and changes in climate and habitat

58
Q

what is a hominid?

A

humans and all great apes

59
Q

what is a hominin?

A

bipedal hominids

60
Q

what were the general characteristics of early hominins

A

bipedal, slightly increased cranial capacity (brain size), trend toward non-honing premolars

61
Q

sahelanthropus tchadensis

A

north central africa, chad ; 6 – 7 million years ago ; reduced canine-premolar (becoming non-honing), bipedal

62
Q

orrorin tugenensis

A

tugen hills, kenya ; biped femur shape (curved phalanges), reduced canine, less-honing premolar ; 6.2-5.8 million years ago

63
Q

ardipithecus kadabba

A

the middle awash, ethipoia ; reduced canine (3rd premolar has small honing facet,) long toes ; 5.55 -5.2 million years ago

64
Q

ardipithecus ramidus

A

the middle awash, ethipoia ; premolar less honing than in ar. kadabba, bipedal, but has a divergent big toe, really long fingers ; 4.8 – 4.4 million years ago

65
Q

canine diastema

A

a space between the upper incisor and the upper canine that allows the lower canine a space so that the jaw can close

66
Q

carbon isotopes

A

C4: grasses
C3: trees & shrubs

67
Q

temporalis muscle

A

elevate the mandible and crush objects between the molars

68
Q

prognathism

A

an extension of maxilla beyond the zygomatic bone

69
Q

phytoliths

A

microscopic minerals in plant cells

70
Q

honing premolar

A

a premolar that sharpens upper canine (monkeys and apes)

71
Q

zygomatic bones

A

one of a pair of bones on each upper side of the face that forms the cheek and part of the eye socket

72
Q

sagittal crest

A

attachment site for major chewing muscle, can be indicative of diet or sexual dimorphism

73
Q

masseter muscle

A

between zygomatic arch and lower jaw

74
Q

temporal fossa

A

a shallow depression on the temporal region of the skull

75
Q

when did australopithecus species live, and on which parts of what continent?

A

inhabited the african continent between approximately 4.2 and 1.9 million years ago

76
Q

what are the general characteristics of australopithecus species?

A

anteriorly positioned foramen magnum, slight brain increase, strong sub-nasal prognathism, robust jaws (larger and thicker than human mandibles), reduced honing premolar, reduced canine diastema

77
Q

australopithecus anamensis

A

northern kenya ; age 4.2 – 3.8 million years ago ; oldest australopithecus species

78
Q

australopithecus afarensis

A

hadar, ethiopia ; age 3.8 – 2.95 million years ago ; laetoli footprints - bipedal

79
Q

australopithecus africanus

A

recovered from cave sites in south africa ; age– 2.8 – 2.2 million years ago ; youngest ; foramen magnum like a biped (found by raymond dart)

80
Q

australopithecus sediba

A

malapa, south africa ; dated to 1.9 million years ago

81
Q

what do we know about australopithecus species?

A

very small teeth ; diet = grasses, trees, shrubs ; they have cut marks on bone but nothing is certain about why

82
Q

when did the australopithecines become extinct?

A

1.9 million years ago

83
Q

where have paranthropus specimens been found (in general)?

A

ethipopia, kenya, and tanzania (east africa)

84
Q

what are the characteristics of paranthropus?

A

larger cheek teeth and smaller incisors in straight line ; wide, flared, and anteriorly positioned zygomatic bones (cheek bones) ; sagittal crest (anchored cheek bones) in males; temporal fossa is very deep

85
Q

what do these traits tell us about muscles and bite force of paranthropus?

A

strong chewing muscles and greater bite force

86
Q

what did paranthropus probably eat?

A

nuts, seeds, and hard fruit

87
Q

when did paranthropus become extinct?

A

1.4 million years ago

ASM 104 - ASU (4 decks)

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