Mod 2 Quiz (SG) Flashcards
diversity
morphology, diet, behavior, ecology
flexible dexterous hands and feet
- opposable thumb/big toe (enhanced grasping ability)
- nails and sensory pads (enhanced sensitivity and grip)
vision
greater area of detail and depth perception (highly sensitive, binocular)
color vision
dichromatic: 2 light-sensitive proteins
trichromatic: 3 light-sensitive proteins
intelligence
- higher ratio of brain size to body size than any other terrestrial mammal
- increased brain complexity
dental formula
2.1.3.3 OR 2.1.2.3
maxillary
the upper teeth in the skull
mandibular
the lower teeth in the jaw
cusps
points on grinding surface of tooth
(fangs)
tooth comb
formed by long, narrow, and forward-leaning mandibular incisors and canines (facilitates grooming)
wrangham’s socio-ecological model of primate social organization
food distribution and abundance → optimal female foraging strategy → female distribution and sociality → male distribution and sociality
group living (benefits)
3 d’s:
1. dilution,
2. detection
3. deterrence
dilution
safety in numbers (1/2 or 1/10)
detection
more eyes to spot predators, larger groups → each individual spends less time scanning
deterrence
mobbing predators (ex: power in numbers; phayre’s leaf monkeys mob clouded leopards)
suspensory locomotion + features:
swing under tree branches (giving tarzan), mobile shoulder joint, forelimbs longer than hind limbs, scapula (shoulder blade) rotated on the back, chest wide from side to side
quadrupedal features
forelimbs and hind limbs of equal length, stability at shoulder and elbow, chest wide front to back (dorso-ventral)
basal metabolic rate (bmr)
rate of energy use at rest (the increase is not proportional to body size)
altruism
behaving in a way that benefits another individual, at a person cost to oneself
ex: predator alarm calls
angiosperm
flowering plants (with fruit)
angiosperm hypothesis
features were the result of exploiting fruits on terminal branches of trees
arboreal hypothesis
adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle (arboreal = mainly living in trees)
behavioral flexibility hypothesis
allow individuals to respond to unpredictable environments and to use novel resources
bilophodont vs Y5 molars
old world monkeys have bilophodont molars (a ridge connects the cusps opposite one another) while hominoids have Y-5 molars (dividing the cusps)
binocular vision
seeing with two eyes
by-product mutualism
selfish, independent actions incidentally benefit others
dilution (1/3 d’s)
safety in numbers (1/2 or 1/10)
detection (2/3 d’s)
more eyes to spot predators, larger groups and alarm calls
deterrence (3/3 d’s)
mobbing predators (ex: power in numbers; phayre’s leaf monkeys mob clouded leopards)
diurnal
usually awake and active during the day
nocturnal
usually awake and active during the night
ecological hypothesis
symbiotic relationships between organisms to determine the evolutionary forces by which such relationships develop
expensive brain hypothesis
the metabolic requirement of relatively large brains is offset by a corresponding reduction of the other tissues, such as gut size
female philopatry
females stay and breed in the group in which they were born and the males migrate to other groups
frugivore
- eat MOSTLY FRUIT
- wide incisors
- low blunt cusps on molars
- medium to large body size
folivore
- eat MOSTLY LEAVES
- narrow incisors
- high sharp cusps on molars
- fairly large body size
gestation
- long pregnancies
- brain growth energetically expensive
graminivores
an animal that feeds on grass
gummivore
an animal that feeds on the gums and saps of trees and bugs for protein
hamilton’s rule
probability that actor and recipient share the same allele for a given trait ; altruism limited to kin
hominoidea
old world apes
impact-hunter hypothesis
proposes that individuals vary in hunting motivation, and that a few males are willing to hunt by themselves
insectivore
an animal that eats mostly bugs
intra-sexual selection
variance in reproduction resulting from competition between individuals within a sex for access to the other sex (usually male-male) –> male competition
inter-sexual selection
variance in reproduction resulting from preferences that one sex has for members of the other sex (usually female choice)
ischial tuberosity
V-shaped bone at the bottom of the pelvis that makes contact with a surface when a person is sitting down (sitting bone)
life history
features of the life cycle and their timing
male philopatry
males stay and breed in the group in which they were born and the females migrate to other groups
mandibular fusion
a developmental anomaly characterized by the union of two adjacent teeth (often in the front)
mutualism
team up, defend food → positive self, positive others
neocortex
the largest part of the cerebral cortex and makes up approximately half the volume of the human brain
olfaction
smell –> short snout, brain regions
post-orbital bar
bony arched structure that connects the frontal bone of the skull to the zygomatic arch, which runs laterally around the eye socket
post-orbital closure
the orbit is further walled off behind by a bony partition, the postorbital plate ; the eyeball lies within a bony cup
primate mating systems
the ways animals find mates and care for offspring (ex: courtship behaviors)
quadrupedal locomotion
walking on all fours, on the ground and in the trees
reciprocal altruism
individuals balance reciprocal acts (grooming, food sharing, coalitionary support) – “I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine”
rhinarium
wet nose
self-interest
chase any rivals from food → positive self, negative others
senescence
the condition or process of deterioration with age
social brain hypothesis
primates evolved large brains to manage their unusually complex social systems
spite
destroy food → negative self, negative others (no convincing examples in nature)
strepsirrhine
galagos and pottos of africa, lorises of asia, lemurs of madagascar ; twisted wet nose ; probing/finger tapping
(king julian)
suspensory locomotion
mobile shoulder joint, forelimbs longer than hind limbs, scapula (shoulder blade) rotated on the back, chest wider from side to side
tapetum lucidum
a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates
tarsier
elongated tarsal bones, nocturnal, but NO tapetum lucidum, only fully carnivorous primate, post orbital closure, eyes are bigger than its brain
(mort from king julien)
vertical clinging and leaping
moving between trees trunk to trunk or branch to trunk, hind limbs longer than forelimbs, strength in hind limb bones - fused tibia and fibula
visual predation hypothesis
features allowed primates to prey on insects at the end of fine branches of trees *problem = most ‘primitive’ primates depend on fruit and other plant matter
kin selection
related individuals often cluster, even though the alarm caller incurs a cost, her relatives, which are likely to share the same ‘calling’ allele, have increased fitness
why do we study primates?
useful models for understanding the origins of human anatomy and behavior AND provide clues about human ancestors, particularly regarding behavior
6 traits that primates share and are often used to describe “primates”
- flexible dexterous hands and feet
- senses
- slow life history
- intelligence
- unspecialized molars
- complex behavior
what are the three hypotheses that are used to explain the traits of the last common ancestor of all primates
- arboreal hypothesis
- visual predation hypothesis
- angiosperm hypothesis
problem! –> the most ‘primitive’ primates depend on fruit and other plant matter! (not insects)
what is the phylogenetic relationships between strepsirrhines, haplorrhines, old world monkeys, new world monkeys and hominoids/apes?
Primates –> S (one side) & H (one side) –> S (side) –> Lemurs –> H (side) –> Tarsioidea (one side) & Anthropodiea (one side) –> Anthropodiea (side) –> Catarrhine (one side) & Platyrrhine –> Catarrhine (side) –> OWM & Hominoids (Apes) –> Platyrrhine (side) –> NWM
haplorrhini
tarsiers ; post-orbital closure, shorter snout than strepsirrhines, NO tapetum lucidum
new world monkeys
haplorrhini ; central and south america, fused mandibles, grasping tails
old world monkeys
hominoids (gorilla), baboons, and colobus monkey ; nostrils are narrow and face downward, ischial tuberosities & callosities
OWM vs. hominoids
y-5 molars, no tails, broad nose
what are the 3 different types of locomotion we discussed in lecture?
- quadrupedal locomotion
- suspensory locomotion
- vertical jumping and leaping
what role does infanticide play in male reproductive strategies?
death of infant accelerates return to sexual receptivity
what are the 2 behaviors we discussed in lecture that show kin bias?
- coalition
- alliances
what is the collective action problem with regard to chimpanzee hunting
why not cheat and reap the benefits?
5 ways that we can measure the life history of primates
- slow maturation
- large brains
- long gestation
- small litter
- long lifespan
what are the 3 hypotheses that explain why primates might have big brains?
- ecological hypothesis
- social brain hypothesis
- behavioral flexibility hypothesis
