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ASM 104 - ASU > Mod 2 Quiz (SG) > Flashcards

Mod 2 Quiz (SG) Flashcards

1
Q

diversity

A

morphology, diet, behavior, ecology

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2
Q

flexible dexterous hands and feet

A
  • opposable thumb/big toe (enhanced grasping ability)
  • nails and sensory pads (enhanced sensitivity and grip)
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3
Q

vision

A

greater area of detail and depth perception (highly sensitive, binocular)

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4
Q

color vision

A

dichromatic: 2 light-sensitive proteins
trichromatic: 3 light-sensitive proteins

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5
Q

intelligence

A
  • higher ratio of brain size to body size than any other terrestrial mammal
  • increased brain complexity
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6
Q

dental formula

A

2.1.3.3 OR 2.1.2.3

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7
Q

maxillary

A

the upper teeth in the skull

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8
Q

mandibular

A

the lower teeth in the jaw

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9
Q

cusps

A

points on grinding surface of tooth
(fangs)

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10
Q

tooth comb

A

formed by long, narrow, and forward-leaning mandibular incisors and canines (facilitates grooming)

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11
Q

wrangham’s socio-ecological model of primate social organization

A

food distribution and abundance → optimal female foraging strategy → female distribution and sociality → male distribution and sociality

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12
Q

group living (benefits)

A

3 d’s:
1. dilution,
2. detection
3. deterrence

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13
Q

dilution

A

safety in numbers (1/2 or 1/10)

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14
Q

detection

A

more eyes to spot predators, larger groups → each individual spends less time scanning

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15
Q

deterrence

A

mobbing predators (ex: power in numbers; phayre’s leaf monkeys mob clouded leopards)

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16
Q

suspensory locomotion + features:

A

swing under tree branches (giving tarzan), mobile shoulder joint, forelimbs longer than hind limbs, scapula (shoulder blade) rotated on the back, chest wide from side to side

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17
Q

quadrupedal features

A

forelimbs and hind limbs of equal length, stability at shoulder and elbow, chest wide front to back (dorso-ventral)

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18
Q

basal metabolic rate (bmr)

A

rate of energy use at rest (the increase is not proportional to body size)

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19
Q

altruism

A

behaving in a way that benefits another individual, at a person cost to oneself
ex: predator alarm calls

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20
Q

angiosperm

A

flowering plants (with fruit)

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21
Q

angiosperm hypothesis

A

features were the result of exploiting fruits on terminal branches of trees

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22
Q

arboreal hypothesis

A

adaptations to an arboreal lifestyle (arboreal = mainly living in trees)

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23
Q

behavioral flexibility hypothesis

A

allow individuals to respond to unpredictable environments and to use novel resources

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24
Q

bilophodont vs Y5 molars

A

old world monkeys have bilophodont molars (a ridge connects the cusps opposite one another) while hominoids have Y-5 molars (dividing the cusps)

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25
Q

binocular vision

A

seeing with two eyes

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26
Q

by-product mutualism

A

selfish, independent actions incidentally benefit others

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27
Q

dilution (1/3 d’s)

A

safety in numbers (1/2 or 1/10)

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28
Q

detection (2/3 d’s)

A

more eyes to spot predators, larger groups and alarm calls

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29
Q

deterrence (3/3 d’s)

A

mobbing predators (ex: power in numbers; phayre’s leaf monkeys mob clouded leopards)

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30
Q

diurnal

A

usually awake and active during the day

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31
Q

nocturnal

A

usually awake and active during the night

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32
Q

ecological hypothesis

A

symbiotic relationships between organisms to determine the evolutionary forces by which such relationships develop

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33
Q

expensive brain hypothesis

A

the metabolic requirement of relatively large brains is offset by a corresponding reduction of the other tissues, such as gut size

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34
Q

female philopatry

A

females stay and breed in the group in which they were born and the males migrate to other groups

35
Q

frugivore

A
  • eat MOSTLY FRUIT
  • wide incisors
  • low blunt cusps on molars
  • medium to large body size
36
Q

folivore

A
  • eat MOSTLY LEAVES
  • narrow incisors
  • high sharp cusps on molars
  • fairly large body size
37
Q

gestation

A
  • long pregnancies
  • brain growth energetically expensive
38
Q

graminivores

A

an animal that feeds on grass

39
Q

gummivore

A

an animal that feeds on the gums and saps of trees and bugs for protein

40
Q

hamilton’s rule

A

probability that actor and recipient share the same allele for a given trait ; altruism limited to kin

41
Q

hominoidea

A

old world apes

42
Q

impact-hunter hypothesis

A

proposes that individuals vary in hunting motivation, and that a few males are willing to hunt by themselves

43
Q

insectivore

A

an animal that eats mostly bugs

44
Q

intra-sexual selection

A

variance in reproduction resulting from competition between individuals within a sex for access to the other sex (usually male-male) –> male competition

45
Q

inter-sexual selection

A

variance in reproduction resulting from preferences that one sex has for members of the other sex (usually female choice)

46
Q

ischial tuberosity

A

V-shaped bone at the bottom of the pelvis that makes contact with a surface when a person is sitting down (sitting bone)

47
Q

life history

A

features of the life cycle and their timing

48
Q

male philopatry

A

males stay and breed in the group in which they were born and the females migrate to other groups

49
Q

mandibular fusion

A

a developmental anomaly characterized by the union of two adjacent teeth (often in the front)

50
Q

mutualism

A

team up, defend food → positive self, positive others

51
Q

neocortex

A

the largest part of the cerebral cortex and makes up approximately half the volume of the human brain

52
Q

olfaction

A

smell –> short snout, brain regions

53
Q

post-orbital bar

A

bony arched structure that connects the frontal bone of the skull to the zygomatic arch, which runs laterally around the eye socket

54
Q

post-orbital closure

A

the orbit is further walled off behind by a bony partition, the postorbital plate ; the eyeball lies within a bony cup

55
Q

primate mating systems

A

the ways animals find mates and care for offspring (ex: courtship behaviors)

56
Q

quadrupedal locomotion

A

walking on all fours, on the ground and in the trees

57
Q

reciprocal altruism

A

individuals balance reciprocal acts (grooming, food sharing, coalitionary support) – “I’ll scratch your back if you scratch mine”

58
Q

rhinarium

A

wet nose

59
Q

self-interest

A

chase any rivals from food → positive self, negative others

60
Q

senescence

A

the condition or process of deterioration with age

61
Q

social brain hypothesis

A

primates evolved large brains to manage their unusually complex social systems

62
Q

spite

A

destroy food → negative self, negative others (no convincing examples in nature)

63
Q

strepsirrhine

A

galagos and pottos of africa, lorises of asia, lemurs of madagascar ; twisted wet nose ; probing/finger tapping
(king julian)

64
Q

suspensory locomotion

A

mobile shoulder joint, forelimbs longer than hind limbs, scapula (shoulder blade) rotated on the back, chest wider from side to side

65
Q

tapetum lucidum

A

a biologic reflector system that is a common feature in the eyes of vertebrates

66
Q

tarsier

A

elongated tarsal bones, nocturnal, but NO tapetum lucidum, only fully carnivorous primate, post orbital closure, eyes are bigger than its brain
(mort from king julien)

67
Q

vertical clinging and leaping

A

moving between trees trunk to trunk or branch to trunk, hind limbs longer than forelimbs, strength in hind limb bones - fused tibia and fibula

68
Q

visual predation hypothesis

A

features allowed primates to prey on insects at the end of fine branches of trees *problem = most ‘primitive’ primates depend on fruit and other plant matter

69
Q

kin selection

A

related individuals often cluster, even though the alarm caller incurs a cost, her relatives, which are likely to share the same ‘calling’ allele, have increased fitness

70
Q

why do we study primates?

A

useful models for understanding the origins of human anatomy and behavior AND provide clues about human ancestors, particularly regarding behavior

71
Q

6 traits that primates share and are often used to describe “primates”

A
  1. flexible dexterous hands and feet
  2. senses
  3. slow life history
  4. intelligence
  5. unspecialized molars
  6. complex behavior
72
Q

what are the three hypotheses that are used to explain the traits of the last common ancestor of all primates

A
  1. arboreal hypothesis
  2. visual predation hypothesis
  3. angiosperm hypothesis
    problem! –> the most ‘primitive’ primates depend on fruit and other plant matter! (not insects)
73
Q

what is the phylogenetic relationships between strepsirrhines, haplorrhines, old world monkeys, new world monkeys and hominoids/apes?

A

Primates –> S (one side) & H (one side) –> S (side) –> Lemurs –> H (side) –> Tarsioidea (one side) & Anthropodiea (one side) –> Anthropodiea (side) –> Catarrhine (one side) & Platyrrhine –> Catarrhine (side) –> OWM & Hominoids (Apes) –> Platyrrhine (side) –> NWM

74
Q

haplorrhini

A

tarsiers ; post-orbital closure, shorter snout than strepsirrhines, NO tapetum lucidum

75
Q

new world monkeys

A

haplorrhini ; central and south america, fused mandibles, grasping tails

76
Q

old world monkeys

A

hominoids (gorilla), baboons, and colobus monkey ; nostrils are narrow and face downward, ischial tuberosities & callosities

77
Q

OWM vs. hominoids

A

y-5 molars, no tails, broad nose

78
Q

what are the 3 different types of locomotion we discussed in lecture?

A
  1. quadrupedal locomotion
  2. suspensory locomotion
  3. vertical jumping and leaping
79
Q

what role does infanticide play in male reproductive strategies?

A

death of infant accelerates return to sexual receptivity

80
Q

what are the 2 behaviors we discussed in lecture that show kin bias?

A
  1. coalition
  2. alliances
81
Q

what is the collective action problem with regard to chimpanzee hunting

A

why not cheat and reap the benefits?

82
Q

5 ways that we can measure the life history of primates

A
  1. slow maturation
  2. large brains
  3. long gestation
  4. small litter
  5. long lifespan
83
Q

what are the 3 hypotheses that explain why primates might have big brains?

A
  1. ecological hypothesis
  2. social brain hypothesis
  3. behavioral flexibility hypothesis

ASM 104 - ASU (4 decks)

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