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INFC 215 > Mod 4 > Flashcards

Mod 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main diseases that can be transmitted via blood?

A
  1. Hepatitis B (HBV)
  2. Hepatitis C (HCV)
  3. HIV
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2
Q

By how much can wearing gloves reduce the risk of getting a disease by?

A

50%

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3
Q

Is immunization available for the following diseases?:
1. HAV
2. HBV
3. HCV
4. HIV

A
  1. HAV - yes
  2. HBV - yes
  3. HCV - no
  4. HIV - no
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4
Q

What does it mean if the test is positive for antigens?

A

A positive test for antigens means that there are infectious virus present in the body; antigens = bad news

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5
Q

What does it mean it the test is positive for antibodies?

A

A positive test for antibodies means that there’s immunity and recovery; antibodies = good news

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6
Q

For HIV, is the presence of antibodies bad or good news and why?

A

For HIV, the presence of HIV is bad news because HIV virus hides inside the cellular immune system

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7
Q

What does hepatitis mean?

A

Hepatitis means inflammation of the liver caused by viral infections in the liver

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8
Q

What are the signs of hepatitis (list 3 signs)?

A
  1. Jaundice - because liver cannot break down products so bilirubin levels rises
  2. Dark amber urine
  3. Pale stool
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9
Q

How is hepatitis A transmitted?

A

HAV is spread by ingesting food or water that has bee contaminated with feces

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10
Q

What is the incubation period of hepatitis A?

A

15-50 days

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11
Q

Does hepatitis A have an envelope?

A

No, HAV is a small virus with no envelope

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12
Q

How can the spread of hepatitis A be prevented?

A

HAV can be prevented by practicing good hand washing

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13
Q

How long does one have to wait for the hepatitis A vaccine to become effective? How effective is it?

A

It takes one week for the vaccine to be effective and is 80% effective

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14
Q

How is hepatitis B mainly transmitted?

A

HBV is mainly transmitted via infected blood (can also transmit HBV through saliva, semen, spinal fluid, vaginal secretion, breast milk)

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15
Q

How does hepatitis B enter the body?

A

HBV can enter via the blood stream (accidental contaminated needle puncture), mucous membrane, or eye (blood splashes)

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16
Q

What are the 3 different ways people respond to hepatitis B virus?

A
  1. Asymptomatic - these people will not have any symptoms
  2. Symptomatic - symptoms are jaundice, malaise, anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort and joint pain
  3. Fulminant - happens to 1 - 3% of the people. ‘Fulminant’ means it spreads fast across the liver - this is not good because then T cells can destroy the liver causing patient to have coma or die
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17
Q

What percentage of people will become HBV carrier and why is it bad to become a HBV carrier?

A

5 to 10%. This is not good because being a carrier of HBV leads to hepatocellular carcinoma aka. liver cancer.

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18
Q

From outermost to innermost, what are the 3 envelope/ antigens the HBV virus has?

A
  1. Hepatitis B surface antigen
  2. Core antigen
  3. “E” antigen
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19
Q

What is the main/ most serious way of getting HBV in health care facilities?

A

Through patient blood to blood exposure or blood to mucous membrane exposure

20
Q

What are the 3 ways of preventing getting HBV?

A
  1. Routine precautions - wear the proper PPE
  2. Hepatitis B immunization (active immunization)
  3. Hepatitis B immune Globulin
21
Q

What is the main way of getting hepatitis C?

A

HCV is manly transmitted with intravenous drug use. Can also get exposure by contaminated needle sticks/ sharps

22
Q

What are the symptoms of hepatitis C?

A

80% will experience vague like flu symptoms. Can be asymptomatic

23
Q

How many of those that get HCV become chronic carriers?

A

60 - 90%

24
Q

Is there a vaccine against HCV?

A

There is no vaccine for HCV. There are treatments but they have side effects

25
Q

How is hepatitis D transmitted?

A

Through illicit drug use

26
Q

Can hepatitis D replicate on its own?

A

No HDV requires the presence of HBV to replicate. HDV is a defect virus

27
Q

What is the main way that hepatitis E gets transmitted?

A

HEV is transmitted via fecal oral route (like HAV)

28
Q

Which one is has a higher morality rate, HAV or HEV?

A

HAV

29
Q

Will the host experience any symptoms when they get AIDs/ HIV?

A

No, normally they will be unaware and asymptomatic

30
Q

What is the difference between AIDs vs HIV?

A

Both AIDs and HIV are the same virus. HIV is when the host gets infected with the virus but shows no symptoms; HIV is the incubation period of the virus. AIDs is when the host shows symptoms and infections become evidence.

31
Q

What type of virus is HIV/ AIDs?

A

It is a retrovirus - meaning that it has an enzyme to make a DNA copy of the viral RNA

32
Q

Is HIV a hardy virus?

A

No, HIV can be inactivate with disinfectants that has antiviral properties or can be remove by doing laundry in hot water with detergent

33
Q

How long can HIV survive outside of its host for?

A

1 week; amount of HIV outside the host is below the dose to cause infections

34
Q

From the inside to outside, what are the 3 components of the HIV virus?

A
  1. The core - has 2 strands of RNA and reverse transcriptase enzyme
  2. Protein coat - surrounds the core
  3. Large glycoprotein spikes protrudes - aka GP120 (looks like lollipops) on the outermost layer
35
Q

List the 5 steps how the HIV/AIDs virus binds to a host cell

A

1.The GP120 (lollipop) binds to a CD4 receptor of a T helper lymphocyte/ CD4 cell
2. The virus then penetrates into the host cell and sheds its protein coat (leaving only its RNA and transcriptase enzyme)
3. Reverse transcription then happens in the host cell (DNA is being made)
4. A dormant period occurs for a variable of time. Person is infected but has no symptoms
5. Something triggers the virus in the host cell. New viral components get assemble in the host cell and the new virus is ready to infect another CD4 cell

36
Q

Why is getting HIV a concern?

A

Getting HIV is a concern because it leads to a dysfunctional immune system and makes the person susceptible to all kinds of low grade opportunistic pathogens

37
Q

Why does one get susceptible to low grade opportunistic pathogens when getting HIV?

A

Because the HIV virus kills of the amount of CD4 cells and there is an imbalance of CD4 cells vs CD8 cells. CD4 cells activates our immune system while CD8 cells inactivates the immune system

38
Q

What is the timeline when one gets HIV/AIDs? (3 parts)

A
  1. Primary infection - Patient can be asymptomatic or experience vague flu like symptoms
  2. Latent period - Patient is asymptomatic but is now infectious, HIV is slowly destroying CD4 cells; blood test will screen positive for HIV
  3. Clinical AIDs - virus becomes active; there is a low amount of CD4 cells; patient can get opportunistic infections; without the right treatment, patient can die
39
Q

Is there a vaccine for HIV/AIDs?

A

No

40
Q

What is the drug use to treat HIV/AIDs and what are the downside of using this drug?

A

The drug use to treat AIDs is ZDV(zidovudine)/ AZT; the drug slows down viral replication. The downside of using this drug is that it is for long term, has unpleasant side effects and is costly

41
Q

Where does HIV live in the human body?

A

HIV mainly in lymphocytes (any body fluid containing lymphocyte cells is infectious)

42
Q

How is HIV transmitted?

A

Via sexual intercourse, needle sharing amongst intravenous drug users, mother to fetus, needle stick accidents, shared tattoo needles, blood contamination on broken skin

43
Q

What are the 3 ways health workers can get HIV while being on the job?

A
  1. Accidental needle stick
  2. Blood splashes
  3. Blood contact
44
Q

What are the 6 steps to take when dealing with significant blood exposure?

A
  1. Treat exposed site - allow bleeding to occur, wash throughly with soap and water, disinfect skin, wash mucous membrane with water
  2. Notification - report incident to authority/ fill out incident report
  3. Blood test - test for HBC, HCV & HIV
  4. Request for test results
  5. If needed, treatment for ZDV or HBIG
  6. Follow up blood test for antibodies
45
Q

What are the 3 diseases that are a concerns for health care workers?

A

HBV, HCV, HIV

INFC 215 (7 decks)

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