INFC 215 - Mod 1 Flashcards
List 2 definitions of a micro organism (aka. microbe/germ/bug)
- Cannot be seen without a microscope
- Often unicellular (can be multicellular)
What are the 4 types of microorganism?
- Protozoa
- Fungi
- Bacteria
- Viruses
List the 4 types of micro organisms from smallest to largest
Viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa
How do protozoa move around?
They move around by flagella or amoeboid motion.
What are two examples of protozoas?
Gardia and amoeba.
What kind of walls are fungi enclosed their nucleus by?
They enclosed their nucleus by a rigid cell wall
Name the two types of fungi
Yeast and molds
How do yeast cells reproduce? What type of cells are yeast cells (uni or multicellular)?
Yeast cells reproduce by budding. Yeast cells are unicellular.
How do molds grow? What type of cells are molds (uni or multicellular)?
Molds grow by starting with a tubular structure that then produces a spore. They form in lumps. Molds are multicellular.
What unit is used to measure most micro organisms?
Micrometer
Where are bacteria found?
Anywhere there is moisture and nutrients (ubiquitous).
What micro organism is an essential part of our body flora?
Bacteria
What kind of cells (uni or multicellular) are bacteria? What kind of wall surround bacteria?
Bacteria is unicellular and is surrounded by a rigid wall.
Can viruses produce outside of its’ host?
No, viruses must rely on a host (animal, plant, or bacterial cell) to replicate viral parts.
What is used to treat the following infections?:
- protozoal infections
- fungal infections
-bacterial infections
- viral infections
- antiprotozoal
- anti fungal
- antibiotics
- antiviral
What are the 3 different shapes of bacteria?
- Cocci (round/ spherical)
- Rods (rectangular shaped)
- Spirilla (curved/ spiral rods shaped)
What color is Gram negative?
What color is Gram positive?
Gram negative = pink to red color
Gram positive = purple/blueish black color
Give two reasons why the Gram reaction is important.
- Gram reaction gives us an indication the effectiveness of certain antibiotics. Some antibiotics can kill Gram positive but not Gram negative.
- The effectiveness of disinfectants. Some disinfectants are more effective against Gram positive than Gram negative.
List the two ways bacteria reproduce.
- Endospores
- Binary fission
Give the cycle for bacterial endospores.
- vegetative cell
- endospore formation
- free endospore/ spore
- germination
- vegetative cell
How long can endospores remain dormant for?
days/months/years
Where are endospores found?
They are found anywhere/ are ubiquitous
How do endospores vegetate?
They require special conditions/ sufficient nutrients/ moisture to vegetate.
List 4 things that endospores are most to least resistant to
- Heat - temperature has to be greater/ equal to 121 C and exposure time has to be around 12-15 mins to kill off the spores
- Disinfectants - needs to be a high level of disinfectant and extended exposure time to kill
- Cold
- UV light, acids/alkalis and detergents.
Give the cycle for binary fission
- Parent cell gets longer
- Genetic material replicates
- Identical genetic material goes into each end
- The cell then is divided into 2 cells
Define generation time.
How long it takes for a bacterial population to double. It is also the time for bacteria to form visible growth on culture media.
How does generation time relate to diseases?
The more bacteria that reproduces in that generation time, the more likely there will be a disease.
Define the word colony.
A colony is a visible mass of bacteria that develop on a culture medium/ descendants of a single bacterial cell; NEEDS a CULTURE MEDIUM for their to be a colony
Define the word culture medium.
Provides nutrients for bacteria to form a colony.
Can bacteria have generation time forever?
No because of the limited amount of space/ nutrients/ toxic waste build up
What are the 5 phases of the bacterial growth curve?
- Lag: Cells need time to adapt to new environment. Incubation time for bacteria
- Log: Period of maximum growth for bacteria. Onset of symptoms. Can use medical intervention for patients to recover
- Stationary: Bacteria exhaust their supply of nutrients and number of live bacteria stays constant. Symptoms gets no worse and no sign of recovery
- Bacterial cells dies. The ones that survive the longest will form spores. Symptoms subsides for patient.
- Convalescent: The time a patient needs to completely recover.
What are the 2 characteristics of viruses?
- Only multiplies when inside of a living host cell
- Contains a single nucleic acid (either DNA or RNA).
What kind of viruses are easier to inactivate with disinfectants?
Lipid viruses/ enveloped viruses
List the 4 steps of how viruses multiply in animals
- The virus attaches itself to the receptor of the host’s cell
- The virus goes into the host cell via a vesicle by endocytosis
- The virus’s nucleic acid gets exposed to the host when the host destroys the vesicle.
- The host then replicates the virus’s DNA.
What are the 2 effects viruses have on host cells?
- Virus usually kills host cells because the host cell’s metabolic pathways is used to make viral parts
- Some viruses (oncogenic viruses) can change the host cells into a tumor cell by changing the host cell’s nucleic acid
What are the two ways used to control viruses?
- Antiviral drugs (Acyclovir - used to control genital herpes).
- Immunization
Why are drugs that inhibit replication of viruses not useful?
Because these drugs would also kill the host cells
Which influenza is responsible for pandemic flus and outbreak?
Influenza A
Which influenza is responsible for local outbreaks?
Influenza B and C
What are the symptom of influenza?
Fevers, chills, body and muscle aches
What viruses cause colds?
Rhinoviruses.
